Ch. 24 (respiratory) SG

Question 1

Functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

provide an area for gas exchange between air and blood, move air to and from lungs, protect surfaces from dehydration, producing sounds for speaking, assisting in regulation of blood volume, and defending against pathogenic microorganisms

Question 2

Upper respiratory tract

Answer 2

nose, nasal cavity, paanasal sinuses, and pharynx

Question 3

lower respiratory tract

Answer 3

larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Question 4

Nose

Answer 4

primary passageway for air into the respiratory system; external nares are what we see that air goes thru; nasal septum separates it into left and right; there are also 3 meatuses;

Question 5

Nasal conchae

Answer 5

increase surface area and help direct air flow

Question 6

3 areas of the pharynx

Answer 6

naso (superior), oro, and laryngo (pharynx)

Question 7

Pharynx

Answer 7

connects the nose, mouth, and throat thru this passageway

Question 8

Nasopharynx

Answer 8

lined by respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithellium)

Question 9

Oropharynx

Answer 9

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 10

Laryngopharynx

Answer 10

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 11

Glottis

Answer 11

inhaled air leaves he pharynx by passing thru this opening

Question 12

Larynx

Answer 12

essentially a cylinder whose walls are stabilized by ligaments or muscles; has 3 types of cartilage (thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis); it basically serves as our voice box where air passing thru the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces sound waves

Question 13

True vs. False focal cords

Answer 13

True are known for the production of sound from the vocal folds while the false ones play no part in sound production and they come from vestibular folds

Question 14

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Answer 14

The intrinsic muscles has one set that helps regulate tension in the vocal folds while a second set opens and closes the glottis; the extrinsic muscles position and stabilize the larynx

Question 15

trachea

Answer 15

the windpipe; it branches at T5 to form the left and right primary bronchi (goes from C6-T5);

Question 16

C-shaped cartilage of trachea

Answer 16

the purpose is so that it protects surfaces of the trachea while also allowing for the shape to change to allow swallowing of food along the esophagus

Question 17

Bronchi tree

Answer 17

it goes primary bronchi to secondary ones; then the secondary ones have 3 branches that the sup, inf, and middle lobar bronchi; then we have the tertiary bronchi, then the smaller bronchi; it goes bronchioles, terminal bronchiole, and respiratory bronchiole before becoming an alveoli

Question 18

Primary bronchi

Answer 18

Supply the left and right lungs (left to left and right to right)

Question 19

secondary bronchi

Answer 19

Supply air to the bronchopulmonary segment

Question 20

lobar bronchi

Answer 20

supply air to the right lung

Question 21

tertiary bronchi

Answer 21

supply air to bronchopulmonary segment

Question 22

What if child swallows food down into trachea?

Answer 22

food may be lodged in the trachea or larynx;

Question 23

of alveoli in lungs

Answer 23

each lung has about 150

Question 24

4 respiratory membrane layers

Answer 24

simple sqamous epithelium, endothelial cells, and fused basal laminae (helps the movemnt of oxygen and co2 between the blood and alveolar airspaces

Question 25

Cells in alveoli

Answer 25

pneumocyte type 1 and 2 cells; these cells produce an oily secretion containing a mix of phospholipids (surfactant); surfactant coats inner surface of alveolus and reduces tension (without surfactant the alveoli would collapse)

Question 26

Lung anatomy

Answer 26

right one has 3 lobes (sup, middle, and inf) while the left one has 2; horizontal fissure separates middle and sup lobe in right lung while the obique fissure cuts both lungs in half left to right; apex is the very top and base is bottom; space in between lungs is called the mediastinum which contains the heart

Question 27

Bronchopulmonary segments

Answer 27

these divide each lung into smaller units; these include the anterior, lateral, medial, posterior, and superior basal areas of both lugs; also the apicoposterior, anterior, sup, and inf lingular segments (near the top part)

Question 28

Pleural cavity

Answer 28

both cavities are separated by the mediastinum and each lung occupies one cavity; both cavities are lined by a serous (pleura) membrane; which has a parietal and visceral layer;

Question 29

Blood vessels supplying the lungs

Answer 29

they receive blood from the pulmonary arteries which enters the lungs at the hilum;

Question 30

Skeletal muscles involved in breathing

Answer 30

most important are the diaphragm and the ext/int intercostal muscles

Question 31

Accessory muscles involved in inspiration

Answer 31

serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalene muscles, and sternocleidomastoid

Question 32

Accessory muscles involved in expiration

Answer 32

transversus thoracis, oblique, and rectus abdominis

Question 33

Eupnea

Answer 33

quiet breahing; inspiration involves muscular contractions but expiration is a passive process

Question 34

Apnea

Answer 34

you have pauses in breathing during sleep

Question 35

hyperpnea

Answer 35

forced breathing; involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements (during exercise)

Question 36

Diaphragmatic breathing

Answer 36

deep breathing; diaphragm must be relax for exhalation to occur (involves contractions of diaphragm)

Question 37

Costal breathing

Answer 37

shallow breathing; common for women during pregnancy because they focus breathing thru the rib cage

Question 38

Main respiratory centers in brain

Answer 38

pons and the medulla

Question 39

Acid-base balance and breathing

Answer 39

the balance helps regulate respiration so breathing can occur automatically (thanks to chemoreceptor reflexes)