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A and P 2 > Ch 23 and 24 test > Flashcards

Ch 23 and 24 test Flashcards

1
Q

5 functions of respiratory system

A
  1. gas exchange
  2. move air to and from lungs
  3. protect and defend
  4. produce sounds
  5. smell
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2
Q

conducting portion of resp tract

A

anatomical dead space that goes from nasal passage through pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and large bronchioles

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3
Q

respiratory portion of resp tract

A

conducts gas exchange, includes bronchioles and alveoli

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4
Q

cell placement and function: mucosa of respiratory tract

  1. pseudostratefied ciliated columnar
  2. stratefied squamous
  3. cuboidal with cilia
  4. simple squamous
A
  1. most of tract, remove debris
  2. areas shared w digestive tract, abrasion from food
  3. bronchioles, remove debris
  4. alveoli, gas exchange
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5
Q

3 resp defenses

A
  1. goblet cells-mucous
  2. nasal hair-filter
  3. alvolar macrophages
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6
Q

function of sinuses

A

warm and humidify air, defense

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7
Q

3 parts of pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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8
Q

superior portion of pharynx, holds pharyngeal tonsil, pseudostratefied ciliated columnar

A

nasopharynx

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9
Q

cartilaginous tube that surrounds and protects the glottis

A

larynx

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10
Q

glottis

A

opening of larynx

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11
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

large anterior shied of larynx, AKA adam’s apple

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12
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

forms entrance to trachea and protects posterior larynx

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13
Q

arytenoid cartilage

A

aid in phonication

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14
Q

vestibular folds

A

false vocal cords for protection

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15
Q

vocal folds

A

true vocal cords

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16
Q

trachealis muscle

A

changes size of trachea

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17
Q

primary bronchi

A

right and left branches that go to each lung

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18
Q

carina

A

seperating point at inferior of trachea

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19
Q

root

A

entrance to each lung at hilus, contains bronchi and blood vessels

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20
Q

secondary bronchi

A

lobar, bronch to lobes of lung

3-right, 2-left

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21
Q

tertiary bronchi

A

segmental, branch to the bronchopulmonary segments of lobes

10-right, 8/9-left

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22
Q

bronchioles

A

smallest segments branching off tertiary bronchi

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23
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

no cartilage, end of conducting system/dead space, where bronchodilation and constriction have greatest effect

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24
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

begin gas exchange

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25
Q

right lung lobes

A
  1. superior
  2. middle
  3. inferior
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26
Q

left lung lobes

A
  1. superior

2. inferior

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27
Q

oblique fissure

A

separates superior and inferior lobes of left lung and superior and middle lobes from inferior on right

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28
Q

horizontal fissure

A

separates superior and middle lobes on right lung

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29
Q

alveolar ducts

A

connect resp bronchioles to alveolar sacs

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30
Q

alveoli cell- type 1

A

site of gas diffusion

31
Q

alveoli cell- type 2

A

septal cells that produce surfectant

32
Q

surfectant

A

chemical to decrease surface tension on alveolar membrane

33
Q

how does gas exchange occur in cells

A

diffusion

34
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of gasses between the interstitial fluids and external environment

35
Q

3 phases of external respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. gas diffusion
  3. transport of O2 and CO2
36
Q

Boyle’s law

A

pressure= 1/volume of gas

to change the pressure, change the volume

37
Q

eupenia

A

quiet breathing

38
Q

quiet breathing muscles-2

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

39
Q

hyperpenia

A

forced breathing

40
Q

forced breathing muscles-6

A

diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalenes

41
Q

quiet breathing exhalation

A

muscles relax- elastic rebound

42
Q

forced breathing exhalation muscles

A

internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

43
Q

compliance rib cage mobility- 3 factors

A
  1. connective tissue of lungs
  2. level of surfactant produced
  3. mobility of thoracic cage
44
Q

external environment pressure 1 ATM

A

760mmHg

45
Q

quiet breathing pressure

A

759-inhale

761-exhale

46
Q

forced breathing pressure

A

730 inhale

860 exhale

47
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

-4 to allow for expansion

48
Q

air enters pleural cavity due to penetrating injury of chest wall or a rupture of alveoli that breaks through visceral pleura

A

pneumothorax

49
Q

atelectasis

A

collapsed lung

50
Q

respiratory rate for adults

A

12-15 breaths a minute

51
Q

minute volume

A

RRxTV

52
Q

tidal volume

A

movement of air during normal quiet breathing-500ml

53
Q

expiratory reserve volume- ERV

A

extra amount you can expel on forced breathing-1000ml

54
Q

residual volume

A

air that remains in the lungs after forced exhalation-1200

55
Q

inspiratory reserve volume- IRV

A

air you can forcefully inhale-3300ml

56
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

total air you can take in

TV+IRV

57
Q

vital capacity

A

IRV+ERV+TV=4800ml

58
Q

Dalton’s law

A

partial pressures of gasses, each gas in a sample exhibits a pressure that contributes to the overall pressure of the gas

59
Q

Henry’s law

A

the partial pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the amount of gas in a solution

60
Q

5 factors that impact gas exchange efficiency

A
  1. difference in pressures across membrane
  2. small thickness of membrane
  3. gases are lipid soluble
  4. large surface area
  5. blood flow and air flow are coordinated
61
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

oxygenated hemoglobin in RBC

62
Q

once an oxygen molecule binds to hemoglobin it is easier for the next one to bind

A

training effect

63
Q

Bohr effect

A

Ph has an effect on release of oxygen- acidic=more O2 release

64
Q

a compound generated by the formation of ATP in an RBC by glycolysis, more compound=O2 drop off increases

A

BPG

65
Q

3 methods of CO2 transport

A
  1. Carbonic acid- 70%
  2. Carbaminohemoglobin- 23%
  3. plasma diffusion-7%
66
Q

respiratory centers of medulla oblongata-2

A
  1. dorsal respiratory group

2. ventral respiratory group

67
Q

dorsal respiratory group- DRG

A

stimulates inspiration with quiet and forced breathing

68
Q

ventral respiratory group- VRG

A

works only on forced breathing

69
Q

pons response to receptor stimuli-2

A
  1. apneustic center

2. pneumotaxic center

70
Q

apneustic center

A

modifies the depth of breathing and stimulates the DRG constantly

71
Q

pneumotaxic center

A

modifies the rate of breathing and stimulates the VRG

72
Q

hypercapnia

A

increase in the PCO2, hypoventilation is cause

73
Q

hypocapnia

A

low PCO2, hyperventilation is cause

74
Q

Hering-Brewer reflex

A

inflation reflex prevents overexpansion of the lungs during inhalation

A and P 2 (14 decks)

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