ch 22 Flashcards
If the thymus failed to produce thymic hormones, which population of lymphocytes would be affected?
a. B lymphocytes
b. T lymphocytes
c. monocytes
d. antigen-producing cells
b. T lymphocytes
Which of the following is true of lymphatic capillaries?
a. They have smaller diameters than blood capillaries.
b. Endothelial cells of lymphatic capillaries are not bound tightly together, but they do overlap.
c. They have thicker walls than blood capillaries.
d. They form continuous tubes.
b. Endothelial cells of lymphatic capillaries are not bound tightly together, but they do overlap.
All of the following EXCEPT _________ is a function of the lymphatic system.
a. producing, maintaining, and distributing lymphocytes
b. resisting and overcoming disease
c. draining lymph from the bone marrow
d. maintaining normal blood composition and volume
c. draining lymph from the bone marrow
Why do lymph nodes enlarge during some infections?
a. because of bacterial invasion and accumulation
b. due to accumulation of antibodies
c. due to accumulation of circulating T cells
d. due to phagocytic and lymphatic cell division
d. due to phagocytic and lymphatic cell division
Which of the following is a dangerous consequence of lymphedema in a limb?
a. accumulation of toxins and pathogens due to stagnant interstitial fluids
b. swelling and distension of the limb
c. loss of elasticity in connective tissue of the affected limb
d. all of the above
a. accumulation of toxins and pathogens due to stagnant interstitial fluids
What effects do pyrogens have in the body?
a. release complement
b. increase temperature/cause fever
c. stimulate NK cells
d. release interferon
b. increase temperature/cause fever
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic or function of nonspecific defenses?
a. are present at birth
b. destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells
c. dependence on the activity of lymphocytes
d. interferons coordinating defenses against viral infections
c. dependence on the activity of lymphocytes
How do interferons increase resistance to viral infections?
a. They can respond immediately.
b. They recognize abnormal cells by the presence of unusual antigens.
c. They interfere with viral replication inside cells.
d. All of the above are correct.
c. They interfere with viral replication inside cells.
Why would the liver, lungs, and CNS be affected by a low monocyte count in blood?
a. Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, and microglia are derived from monocytes.
b. Lack of monocytes causes NK lymphocytes to attack those structures.
c. The liver, lungs, and CNS are secondary parts of the immune system.
d. None of the above is correct.
a. Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, and microglia are derived from monocytes.
All of the following EXCEPT ________ is an effect of complement activation.
a. making target cells easier to engulf
b. destruction of target cell membranes
c. attracting neutrophils and macrophages
d. reducing inflammation
d. reducing inflammation
A decrease in the number of cytotoxic T cells directly affects which type of immunity?
a. acquired immunity
b. innate immunity
c. humoral immunity
d. cell-mediated immunity
d. cell-mediated immunity
The spleen is _____.
a. a fragile organ that can rupture easily
b. the site where red blood cells are recycled
c. the site where B and T cells can respond to antigens in circulating blood
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of WBCs responsible for overcoming an infection?
a. neutrophils and NK cells → phagocytes/cytotoxic T cells → plasma cells
b. memory B cells → plasma cells → NK cells
c. phagocytes → plasma cells → antibodies
d. B cells → helper T cells → phagocytes → CD8 cells
a. neutrophils and NK cells → phagocytes/cytotoxic T cells → plasma cells
How is the secondary response affected if memory B cells for a particular antigen are absent?
a. A pathogen that had previously invaded would be recognized and quickly killed.
b. The secondary response would not occur.
c. Memory T cells take over the role of the memory B cells.
d. CD4 cells would differentiate into B cells.
b. The secondary response would not occur.
How does the absence of helper T cells affect the antibody-mediated immune response?
a. Neither B cells nor T cells are stimulated to
respond to a pathogen; therefore, no immune
response occurs.
b. Cytotoxic T cells proliferate.
c. Class II MHC proteins appear in the cell
membrane.
d. Immune response is unaffected by loss of helper
T cells.
a. Neither B cells nor T cells are stimulated to
respond to a pathogen; therefore, no immune
response occurs.
Which of the following conditions can be determined with a skin test?
a. if a baby has severe combined
immunodeficiency disease
b. if a person has been exposed to an
antigen
c. if a person has an autoimmune disease
d. if a person has diabetes mellitus
b. if a person has been exposed to an
antigen
Which kind of immunity protects a developing fetus, and how is that immunity produced?
a. natural active immunity; maternal illness and
recovery
b. natural passive immunity; the transfer of IgG
antibodies from the mother to the fetus through
the placenta
c. artificial passive immunity; injections of gamma
globulins
d. artificial active immunity; vaccinations
b. natural passive immunity; the transfer of IgG
antibodies from the mother to the fetus through
the placenta
The formation of an antigen–antibody complex may cause elimination of the antigen in what way?
a. The antibody binds to a site on a virus making
the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell.
b. An antibody binds to antigenic determinant
sites on two different antigens.
c. Antigens covered with antibodies attract
phagocytes.
d. All of the above are correct.
d. All of the above are correct.
Artificially acquired passive immunity _______, while artificially acquired active immunity _______.
a. is genetically determined; is conferred by administration of antibodies b. is conferred from mother to infant through breast milk; develops after exposure to antigens in the environment c. is conferred by administration of antibodies; develops after administration of an antigen to prevent disease d. stimulates antibodies against something you might encounter in the future; combats something you’ve already been exposed to
c. is conferred by administration of antibodies; develops after administration of an antigen to prevent disease
Which analogy is most appropriate for comparing the interaction of an antibody’s active site binding with an antigen?
a. the heavy-chain constant segment’s interaction
with the light chain of an antibody
b. a drug reaction, such as penicillin allergy
c. an enzyme interacting with a substrate
molecule
d. the binding of a hapten and carrier molecule
c. an enzyme interacting with a substrate
molecule
A tumor cell has developed and begun to divide in Amy’s liver. What type of immune cells will be able to detect and kill the tumor cells?
a. macrophages
b. basophils
c. natural killer cells
d. B cells
c. natural killer cells
David suffers from rheumatoid arthritis. What is the term for this type of immune disorder?
a. autoimmune disease
b. allergy
c. immunodeficiency
d. lymphedema
a. autoimmune disease
What are the best medications to use for tissue rejection in organ transplants?
a. interferon because it will diminish viral
interaction
b. cyclosporin A because it will decrease helper T
cells
c. prednisone because it will decrease both
inflammation and immunity
d. monoclonal antibodies because they are not
going to be recognized by T cells
b. cyclosporin A because it will decrease helper T
cells
How can the presence of an abnormal peptide in the cytoplasm of a cell initiate an immune response?
a. by stimulating production of pyrogens, beginning an immune response
b. by becoming attached to B cells, which launch an immune response
c. by becoming attached to MHC and being presented to T cells
d. by altering the genetic programming of the infected cell
c. by becoming attached to MHC and being presented to T cells
Denise is allergic to pollen. What is an allergy and how is allergy to pollen classified?
a. results from treatment with immunosuppressive
agents; delayed hypersensitivity
b. develops when the immune response targets
normal body cells; cytotoxic reaction
c. an inappropriate or exaggerated immune
response; immediate hypersensitivity
d. results from problems of development of
lymphoid organs; immune complex
disorder
c. an inappropriate or exaggerated immune
response; immediate hypersensitivity
Why is having both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity integral to a healthy immune system?
a. T cells defend against pathogens inside cells, while B cells defend against antigens in body fluids. b. Cell-mediated immunity in genetically determined, while antibody-mediated immunity is acquired. c. Cell-mediated immunity is “specific,” while antibody-mediated immunity is “nonspecific.” d. None of the above is correct.
a. T cells defend against pathogens inside cells, while B cells defend against antigens in body fluids.
- Which of the following is not an organ of the immune system?
a. Liver
b. Tonsils
c. Appendix
d. Thymus
e. Spleen
Liver
- Several days to a week after the first exposure to an antigen, there is an increase in the plasma antibody levels. This is called the ______________ response.
a. Secondary
b. Primary
c. Principle
d. Initial
e. Essential
Primary
- Which of the following is the name of the clusters of lymphatic nodules located beneath the epithelial lining of the small intestine?
a. Peyer’s patches
b. Tonsils
c. Adenoids
d. Lymph glands
e. Thymus
Peyer’s patches
- What is the meaning of the term lymphadenopathy?
a. A congenital lack of lymph nodes
b. A chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes
c. A condition characterized by large accumulations of lymphatic fluid in tissue space
d. The lack of lymphocytes in the peripheral circulation
e. Disease of the immune system resulting in large increases in lymphocytes
A chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes
- The body’s nonspecific defenses include all of the following EXCEPT
a. Inflammation
b. Interferon
c. Complements
d. The skin
e. Antibodies
Antibodies
- Which of the following demonstrates passive immunity?
a. The injection of pre-formed antibodies into a person ( gamma-globulin)
b. Getting the chicken pox
c. Tetanus or flu shot
d. MMR vaccination
The injection of pre-formed antibodies into a person ( gamma-globulin)
- Interferons are chemicals produced by what cells?
a. B lymphocytes
b. T helper cells
c. Infected cells
d. Plasma cells
e. Memory cells
Infected cells
- The development of a fever and presence of Interleukin-1 demonstrates which cells are activated?
a. Memory cells
b. B lymphocytes
c. Eosinophils
d. Macrophages
e. T suppressor cells
Macrophages
- Class II MHC proteins appear in the cell membranes only when
a. The plasma cells are releasing antibodies
b. The APC is processing antigens
c. Cytotoxic T cells are inhibited
d. NK cells are activated
e. None of the above
The APC is processing antigens
- T and B cells can be activated only by
a. Presence of pathogens
b. Interleukins, interferons, and colony stimulating factors
c. Cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or cancer
d. Exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in the cell membrane
e. Disease-causing agents
Exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in the cell membrane
