ch 22 test Flashcards
microscopic organisms that cause disease
pathogens
the ability to resist infection and disease
immune response
What are the 3 major parts to the lymphatic system?
lymph, lymphatic vessels (lymphatics), and lymphoid tissues and organs
What is the function of the lymphatic system
to produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes
where are lymphocytes produced and by what stem cells
lymphoid tissues, organs, and red bone marrow; lymphoid stem cells
4 physical properties of lymphatic capillaries
- start as pockets rather than tubes
- have larger diameters
- thinner walls
- flat or irregular outline in sectional view
2 category of lymphocytes
deep and superficial
duct that the base of the thoracic duct expands into
cisterna chili
blockage of lymph drainage from a limb
lymphadema
chronic or excessive enlargements of nodes
lymphadenopathy
What are the 3 general classes of lymph
T cells, B cells, NK cells
T cells types, function, and where formed
cytotoxic Tc- attack cells infected by viruses
Th-stim function of T and B cells
B cell function and location
differentiate into plasma
red bone marrow
NK cells function and ocation
large granular lymphocytes
attack foreign, virus infected, and cancer cells
red bone marrow
targets that identify any pathogen or foreign compound
antigen
produce and secrete antibodies
plasma cell
immunoglobulin proteins
antibody
what is the immune system hormone that promotes differentiation of B cells in the bone marrow
cytokine (interleukin-7)
what are the 3 lymph organs
spleen, nodes, thymus
where will we find MALT
digestive system
carry lymph from peripheral tissues to lymph node
afferent lymphatics
leave lymph node at hilum and carry lymph to venous circulation
efferent lymphatics
lymph node function
filters lymph
thymus function
produces several hormones that are important to the development and maintenance of immune defenses
spleen function
- removal of abnormal blood cells by phagocytes
- storage of iron
- initiates immune response by B and T cells
What are the 2 major divisions in the body defenses?
innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific)
innate/nonspecific defenses
physical barriers phagocytes immunological surveillance inteferons complement inflammatory response fever
chemical messengers that trigger production of antiviral proteins in normal cells
inteferons
system of circulating proteins that assist antibodies in destruction of pathogens
complement
localized tissue level response that tends to limit spread of injury or infection
inflammatory response
what are different types of phagocytic cells
microphages- neutrophils and eosinophils
macrophages- fixed and free
what cell does immunological surveillance and what chemical does it use to destroy the pathogen
NK cells, perforins
what cell is chiefly responsible for starting and maintaining the inflammatory response; what 2 chemicals does it secrete?
mast cell; histamine and heparin
initiates or enhances the inflammatory response
histamine
anticoagulant
heparin
what are the effects of the inflammatory response
temporary repair and barrier against pathogens
retards spread of pathogens into surrounding area
mobilization of local and synthetic defenses
facilitation of regeneration
what are the 4 hallmark signs of inflammation
swelling/tumor, redness/rubor, heat/calor, pain/dolar
what are the 2 types of immunity?
active and passive
what are the 2 types of gained immunity
naturally and artificially aquired
types of immunity
- child exposed to live flu virus
- baby breast feeding
- vaccine of MMR
- antibodies like gamma globulin
- active natural
- natural passive
- active artificial
- passive artificial
what are the 4 properties of immunity?
specificity, versatility, memory, and tolerance
what cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?
T cells
role of class 1 MHC
pick up small peptides in cell and carry to the surface
role of class 2 MHC
use antigenic fragments and antigen-presenting cells (APC) which activate T cells
role of CD8
found on Tc and Ts cells, responds to class 1 MHC
role of CD4
found on Th and responds to antigens on class 2 MHC
Class 1 triggers what cells
T cells and all nucleated cells
class 2 triggers what cells
phagocytic APCs- free and fixed macrophages, Kupfer cells (liver), microglia (CNS), Langerhans (skin), and dendritic cells of lymph nodes and spleen
A cell activated by CD8 will undergo what steps to destroy the antigen presenting cell?
release perferin, secrete lymphotoxin, activates genes in target cell that cause it to die
What are 4 key points of cytokine secretion from Th cells?
- stem cell divisions
- attract and stimulate macrophages
- attract and stimulate Tc cells
- promote activity of B cells
B cell preperation for activation where antigens are processed in cell and reappear on surface bound to class 2 MHC
sensitization
role of plasma
synthesize and secrete antibodies
What is the structure of an antibody
2 parallel pairs of polypeptide chains, one heavy and one light, where each chain contains constant segments and variable segments
has 2 antigenic determinate sites
complete antigen
must attach to a carrier molecule to act as a complete antigen
hapten
what are the 7 effects of immunoglobulins
- neutralization of antigen binding sites
- precipitation and agglutination (immune complex)
- activates complement
- activates phagocytes
- opsonization increases phag efficiency
- stimulation of inflammation
- prevention of bacterial and viral adhesion
class of antibody IgG
resistance against toxins, most abundant and diverse, cross placenta
class of antibody IgE
release histamine (allergies), basophils and mast cells
class of antibody IgD
molecule on B cells that binds antigens (sensitization)
class of antibody IgM
first class secreted after antigen encountered, plasma cells, causes agglutination of cross match
class of antibody IgA
glandular secretions attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues, mucus, tears, saliva, semen
a malfunction of system that recognizes and ignores normal antigens
autoimmune disorder
result from problems w embryological development of lymphoid tissues, viral infections (HIV), immunosuppressant drugs or radiation treatments
immunodeficiency disease
can be fatal, affects cells throughout body that produces swelling
anaphylaxis
circulatory collapse from anaphylaxis
anaphalactic shock
what is the role of an antihistamine
drugs that block histamine release from mast cells
