Ch. 23-28 vocabulary Flashcards
Columbian Exchange
Global proliferation of plants, crops, animal, human populations, and diseases following Columbus’ voyages
Astrolabe
Navigational instrument for determining latitude
East India Company
British joint stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed it’s own armed forces
Joint Stock Companies
Early forerunner of the modern corporation: individuals who invested in a trading or exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their risk
Manila Galleons
Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China
Melaka
Powerful Islamic state of the fifteenth century in Southeast Asia
United East India Company
Dutch joint stock company, founded in 1602, that operated Dutch trading posts with government support but which little government oversight
Absolutism
Political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of kingship: the drench king Louis XIV was the classic example
Capitalism
And economic system with the origins in early Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market
Catholic Reformation
16th century Catholic attempts to cure internal issues that confront Protestantism: it was inspired by the reforms of the Council of Trent and the actions of the Jesuits
Deism
An enlightenment view that accepted the existence of a God but denied the supernatural aspects of Christianity; in deism the universe was an orderly realm maintained by rational and natural laws
Enlightenment
18th century philosopher goal movement that began in France; its emphasis was on the preeminence of reason rather than faith or tradition; it spread it’s concepts from the scientific revolution
Holy Roman Empire
Central and western European kingdom created at the treaty of Verdun in 843 and lasting until 1806
Humanists
Renaissance scholars interested in moral philosophy, history, and literature, drawing inspiration from classical texts
Conquistadores
Spanish adventures like Cortes and Pizarro who conquered Central and South America in the sixteenth Century
Criollos
Creoles, people born in the Americas of Spanish or Portuguese ancestry
Encomienda
System that gave the Spanish settlers (encomenderos) the right to compel indigenous peoples of the Americas to work in the mines or fields
Hacienda
Large Latin American estates
Indentured Labor
Labor source in the Americas; wealthy planters would pay the European poor to sell a portion of their working lives, usually seven years, in exchange for passage
Mestizo
Latin American term for children of Spanish and native parentage
Mulattoes
Brazilians of mixed ancestry
Peninsulares
Like an American officials from Spain or Portugal
Quinto
The one fifth of Mexican and Peruvian silver production that was reserved for the Spanish monarchy
Treat of Tordesillas
Treaty (1494) dividing the world outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along the north South Meridian at 370 leagues west of the Cape verdes islands
Diaspora
People who have settled far from their original Homeland but was still share some measure of ethnic identity
Fulani
Sub-Saharan African people who beginning in the 17th century began a series of wars designed to impose their own strict interpretation of Islam
Great Zimbabwe
Large sub-Saharan African kingdoms and 15th century
Kongo
Central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500; although their kings, such as king of Affonso I (1506-1543) converted to Christianity, they nevertheless suffered from the slave trade
Maroons
Runaway African slaves
Songhay
Empire that replaced Molly in the late 15th century
Timbuktu
City in Mali, Africa, that was notable for its Islamic University and 180 religious schools
Triangular Trade
Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that featured finished products from Europe, slaves from Africa, and American products bound for Europe
Dutch Learning
European knowledge that reached Tokugawa Japan
Floating Worlds
Term for centers of urban culture in Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate
Kabuki
Japanese theater in which actors were free to improvise and embellish the words
Manchus
Manchurian’s who conquered China, putting an end to the ming dynasty and founding the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
Ming
Chinese dynasty (1368 to 1644) founded by Hongwu known for its cultural brilliance
Qing
Chinese dynasty (1644-1911) that reached it’s peak during the reigns of Kangxi and Qianlong
Scholar Bureaucrats
Civil servants, selected through rigorous examinations and schooled in Confucian text and calligraphy, who govern the Chinese empire for the Qing Dynasty
Devshirme
Ottoman requirement that the Christians in the Balkans provide young boys to be slaves of the sultan
Janissaries
Slave troops serving the ottoman empire
Mughals
Islamic dynasty that ruled India from the 16th through the 18th centuries; the construction of the Taj Mahal is representative of the splendor; with the exception of the enlightened reign of Akbar, the increasing conflict between Hindus and Muslims was another of their legacies
Ottoman Empire
Powerful Turkish Empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 until 1918 and reached it’s peak during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent(1520-1566)
Safavid
Later Persian empire (1501-1722) that was founded by Shag Ismail and that became a center for Shiism; the empire reached it’s peak under Shag Abbas the Great and was centered around capital of Isfahan
Süleyman
The most powerful and wealthy ruler of the sixteenth century
Taj Mahal
Outstanding example of Mughal architecture located at Fatehpur Sikri, the Mughal capital of Akbar
