Ch 23-28 Studyguide Flashcards
What technologies were adapted by the Chinese?
Magnetic compass
What technologies played a role in overseas exploration what were their advantages?
Sternpost rudder and two types of sails. Navigational instruments: magnetic compass and astrolabe
Columbian Exchange: What were the long term effects of the Colombian Exchange?
Tobacco was harmful to health; it led to slavery of Africans. Famine led to immigration to colonies. Gold and silver led to inflation in Europe and Spain. Diseases led to decline of native population.
What types of goods were exchanged? Where were they exchanged?
Plants, food crops, animals. Americas and Europe
How was Portugal able to maintain its early domination of trade?
They controlled trade in the Indian Ocean and their naval superiority.
What was the relationship between the Spanish, religion and native peoples?
Many native peoples started to convert to Christianity. Spanish and natives intermarried.
Who was the largest contingent of migrants between 1500 and 1800?
Enslaved Africans transported involuntarily to South/North America and Caribbean destinations.
By 1750, what parts of the world were participating in the global trade network dominated by Europeans?
All parts of the world except Australia.
What was stimulus behind the Luther’s 95 theses?
The church’s sale of Indulgences
Why did the Catholic Church sell indulgences?
Reconstruction of Saint Peter’s basilica in Rome.
What were the characteristics of the Reformation in England? How did it differ from the other movements?
Henry VIII severed all relations with the Catholic Church and made himself Supreme Head of the Anglican Church.
What caused the explosion of Witch Hunting in the 16th C?
The theory that developed by theologians that witches derived their power from the devil.
What European states developed constitutional governments in the 17th C?
England and the Netherlands
What were the best examples of absolutist states in Europe? How did the rulers exert their power?
France, through the army monarchs take over control.
Who was responsible of the use of moveable type in Europe?
Johannes Gutenber
What was the counter-reformation? What was its purpose?
The counter-reformation was the Catholic Church’s series of reforms in a response to the spread of Protestantism.
What was the general European sentiment towards religion prior to 1500?
Many people doubted the Catholic Church’s ability to provide spiritual leadership.
What were the characteristics of the Putting- Out System?
Unfinished materials were delivered to rural households for production.
Who were the important figures of the Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment? What were their findings, ideas, works, etc.?
Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory. Johannes Kepler improved Copernicus’ theory. Isaac Newton discovered the laws of gravity. Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Voltaire.
What were the different social groups in the Spanish Americas? What do the different groups represent?
The king ruled from Spain. The viceroys were sent by the king to rule the Americas. The creoles were the offspring of the Spanish and were owners of haciendas. The mestizos were mixed Spanish and native offspring. Slaves were pure African and bi-racial.
Who were the major conquerors of the Inca and Aztecs? What was the most important factor in Incan and Aztec defeat?
Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztecs. He Spanish formed military alliances with other indigenous people who were enemies of the Aztecs. Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas. The Spanish took advantage of vulnerabilities created by internal conflict.
Who administered colonies for the Spanish?
Viceroys
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
It was an agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and the newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. (1494
What was the encomienda system?
A labor system under which the Tainos had to work in the fields and mines belonging to the Spainiards.
When did the Portuguese begin to show interest in Brazil?
After entrepreneurs established successful sugarcane plantations.
With respect to the new world, how did English, French and Dutch views on colonization compare to those of the Spanish? What did each nation want out of their claimed lands?
The Spanish were looking for gold and silver. The Dutch were interested in sugar plantations in Brazil. Fur trade. The French wanted to spread faith and the Northwest Passage to the Orient. The English wanted profit and national glory. They all wanted profit.
What were the characteristics on interaction between American Indians and the English and French?
The French and the natives had intermarriages. The English didn’t want anything with the American Indians.
What was the chief source of labor on agricultural plantations?
Slaves
Who was Afonso I?
The ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo who converted to Catholicism and encouraged his subjects to convert as well.
What South African city-state was able to dominate the gold trade until the late 15th century?
The Great Zimbabwe
Where was the center of Islamic learning in West Africa?
Timbuktu
Where was Islam most prevalent in Sun-Saharan Africa?
The commercial centers
What was the basis of African social organization during this period?
Kinship groups
Where did most African slaves come?
Africa, they were war captives
What was the relationship between wealth, slaves and property in Africa?
Slaves were considered property and the amount of slaves a person had defined the person’s wealth.
What effect did the arrival of Europeans have on the slave trade?
Slaves started to be sent to the New World. Slave death increased.
What role did Arabs play in the African slave trade?
They introduced Islam to Africa
What were the results of the banning of the slave trade?
The abolition of slavery ended slavery but there were still other forms of slavery.
What was the triangular trade? What was traded?
A pattern of trade that connected Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. Manufactured goods were traded for slaves.
What steps did the Ming take to stabilize China internally?
Restored Chinese traditions from the era before the Yuan dynasty
What changes did the Manchu’s take after conquering China?
Outlawed intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese, and forbade Chinese traveling to Manchuria and from learning Manchurian language
What areas did the Qing conquer? What territories did the major rulers bring under Chinese control?
Korea, Mongolia, Beijing, China, Taiwan.
Vietnam, Burma, Nepal
What is the Son of Heaven?
The human being designated by heavenly powers to maintain order on the earth
Why did the Chinese fall behind Europe and SW Asia in technology during Ming and Qing rule?
Government preferred political and social stability over technology
How did gender relations change during the Ming and Qing dynasties?
Strict patriarchal control over females, parents preferred boys over girls, foot binding became more popular
What was level of foreign trade during the Qing dynasty?
Brought tremendous prosperity to China
What does the term “floating worlds” refer to?
Centers of Tokugawa urban culture; teahouses, theaters, brothels, public baths
What were the characteristics of Japanese foreign policy after 1630?
Forbade Japanese from going abroad on pain of death and prohibited construction of large ships
Who were the scholar-bureaucrats? What place did they hold in society?
Class of well-educated and highly literate men; dominated China’s political and social life
What were the characteristics of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires?
- Ottoman: Christians, Jews
- Safavid: Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians
- Mughal: Hindus, Jain, Zoroastrians, Christians, Sikhs
What Islamic ruler was the most tolerant during this period?
Mughal Akbar
What is Sikhism?
Self-serving “Divine Faith”.
What did the Ottomans do with the Hagia Sophia?
Rededicated the Hagia Sophia church as Aya Sofiya mosque.
What was Jizya?
Payment of special tax.
What were the reasons behind the decline of Islamic Empires?
- Unproductive wars.
* Ottoman princes become lazy through luxury.
* Religious tensions between conservatives and liberals intesify.
* Foreign trade becomes controlled by Europeans.
* Islamic empires become less interested in the outside world.
* Fell behind in technology development; European military technology improves faster than Ottomans can purchase it.
