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Old_Full > Ch. 22-26 – USA > Flashcards

Ch. 22-26 – USA Flashcards

1
Q

AVAs

A

American Viticultural Areas
- no regulations on grapes or winemaking

Designated regions with unique geological or geographical features

Proposed via peitition by growers and reviewed by the TTB.

Areas within an AVA with distinct microclimates or terrain can be ‘sub AVAs’ or ‘Nested AVAs’

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2
Q

Appellations of Origin (US)

A

Defined by political boudaries (county, state)

Min 75% of grapes must come from that appellation

Wine must be fully finished in that state

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3
Q

Requirement when wine is labeled with variety (US)

A

75% of the wine must be from that grape variety

Two or more can be stated if label shows their percentages

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4
Q

Requirement when wine is labeled with appellation of origin (US)

A

75% of grapes must come from the stated county, state or country of origin.

Vintage can be declared if 85% of wine was produced in stated vintage

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5
Q

Requirement when wine is labeled with AVA

A

85% of grapes must come from that AVA.

The wine must be fermented and finished in that state.

Vintage may be stated if at least 95% of wine comes from that vintage.

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6
Q

General wine business in US

A

Highest value import sales and highest global consumption
- BUT low consumption per capita

4th largest producer
- BUT 8th in export volume
- majority is consumed domestically

Fifty largest companies represent more than 90% of US wine sold domestically by volume
- Gallo, Constellation Brands

Three-tier system
- different laws in every state
- increasing number of states allow DTC sales
- cellar doors and wine clubs

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7
Q

California Climate

A

Cold Pacific Ocean
- California current brings cold water from the north
- Upwelling, where cold deep water rises to the surface

Mediterranean, dry seasons

Coast Ranges provide shelter from the ocean (but have some gaps)
- Vineyards without ocean influence are warm

Warm air raises and pulls in cold air from the coast, giving high diurnal range
- reduction of fungal diseases and frost but can be strong enough to close stomata
- Fog forms during afternoons and can last into mornings
- Strong sunshine above fog layer (altitude provides some moderation though)

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8
Q

Vineyard management in California

A

1990s saw large scale replanting due to phylloxera, Pierce’s disease and better understanding of vineyard management
- greater attention to matching rootstock to environment
- nowadays, focus on precision viticulture

Skilled Mexican labor
- Central Valley is set up for mechanization, which is also becoming more common elsewhere

Irrigation widespread
- drought reducing water supplies
- greater monitoring and regulaton of water use by state

Reduced fungal disease threat from low rainfall and breezes

Pierce’s disease (sharpshooters), Spring frost, wildfires (smoke taint)

Sustainable grape growing is a focus
- Certified organic wine requires ZERO SO2 added, so is uncommon
- “Certified organic grapes” can be used if the grapes are grown organically

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9
Q

wine labelled ‘California’ must be:

A

made entirely from grapes grown in the state

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10
Q

California wine labelled with vineyard name must be:

A

made from at least 95% grapes grown on that vineyard

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11
Q

Labelling term ‘estate bottled’ can be used when in California

A

vineyards and winery are in the same AVA

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12
Q

Types of growers and producers in California

A

Many producers buy in grapes to supplement their own production

Many producers act as merchants or grower-merchants
- allows producers to enlarge their portfolio of wines

Also many independent growers
- head-grafting of vines is common to keep up with changing consumer preferences
- grape prices vary based on supply and demand
- prices can be much higher for prestigious vineyards or AVAs

Wineries range from “cult” wines making small volumes to massive conglomerates

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13
Q

Main grape varieties in California

A

Chardonnay

Cabernet Sauvignon

Pinot Noir

Zinfandel

Merlot
Colombard
Syrah
Pinot Gris
Sauvignon Blanc
Petitie Sirah

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14
Q

Chardonnay in California

A

Full spectrum of styles

Usually near coastal influence or at high altitudes

Fuller-bodied styles w/ peach, pineapple, notes from oak and malo

Leaner styles (citrus, less oak, reductive aromas from lees contact)

Inexpensive versions made in easy-drinking style with medium acidity, possibly with residual sugar and/or oak alternatives

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15
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon in California

A

Site is influential

Moderating influence
- fresher style of black fruit, herbal aroma, less body, lower alcohol.

Concentrated wines
- green harvest, long hang times, full body high alcohol

High percentage of new French oak (but less than in the past)

Also blended with Bordeaux varieties

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16
Q

Pinot Noir in California

A

On relatively cool sites with coastal influence or altitude

Med+ acidity, med body, med alcohol fresh cherry, raspberry

Riper fruit styles
- med to med+ acidity, greater body, black fruit, jammy

Trend towards earlier picking, whole bunch fermentation, and stem inclusion to enhance aromatics and tanning structure

Commonly matured in French oak, with a proportion new

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17
Q

Zinfandel

A

number of old wines (100y+)

Prone to uneven ripening

Med+ acidity, fresh fruit + jammy notes, blueberry, blackberry

American oak usually for maturation (vanilla)

White Zinfandel style:
- short maceration before cool ferment in steel
- med dry, low alcohol, med acidity and body
- strawberry, fruit candy

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18
Q

Merlot in California

A

Very popular in 1990s and 2000s

Much is inexpensive, very ripe and fruity

Some premium Merlot is made, particularly in more moderate climates (like Oak Knoll district)

Used in Bordeaux blends

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19
Q

Colombard in California

A

neutral white grape

inexpensive wines

blended

‘fruity white’ or ‘dry white’

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20
Q

Syrah in California

A

Areas with some cooling influence

med (med+) body, med+ acidity and tannin, fresh plum, blackberry, spice

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21
Q

Pinot Gris in California

A

increasing

dry but fruity style

Peach pear, melon

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22
Q

Sauvignon Blanc in California

A

fruity style (steel)

Fume Blanc - usually (not necessarily) fermented and matured in oak

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23
Q

North Coast AVA

A

Encompasses a large number of AVAs (including Napa County, Sonoma County, Mendocino County, Lake County)

Mayacamas Moutains run through it

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24
Q

Mendocino County

A

cool AVAs close to the coast
- Pinot, Chardonnay

warmer AVAs inland
- Zinfandel, Cabernet, Syrah
- high altitude vineyards can do cool climate grapes

grapes often used in multi-regional blends

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25
Q

Anderson Valley AVA

A

Valley runs from northwest (close to the coast) to the southeast (further inland)

Most vineyards on slopes, frost can be problem, especially on flatter areas

Climate
- Warm days but cold air and fog is funneled inland along the Navarro River, giving cold evenings and mornings
- Plenty of rain, mostly in winter and spring

Pinot Noir and Chardonnay (sparkling and still) - fresh styles

Alsace varieties

Producer: Littorai

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26
Q

Lake County (Clear Lake AVA)

A

In the rain shadow of Mayacamas Mountains (west) and Vaca Range (east)
- warm climate

Clear Lake provides cool afternoon breezes

Vineyards on slopes at 400-450m - moderating influence

Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc

Mostly multiregional blends (few prestigious producers)

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27
Q

3 large overlapping AVAs in Sonoma County

A

Northern Sonoma AVA
- Russian River flows through, filling aquifers

Sonoma Coast AVA
Sonoma Valley AVA

allow producers to use term ‘estate bottled’ even if their vineyards and winery are far apart
- while still allowing ‘Sonoma’ to appear on the bottle

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28
Q

Alexander Valley AVA

A

Northern Sonoma

Warm climate cooled in evenings by Pacific air funneled in from the Petaluma Gap and Russian River Valley to the south.

Fertile valley floor

Slopes of Mayacamas (more concentrated)
- long hours of sunshine
- free draining soil
- high color and tannin
- altitude helps with acidity

Moderate rainfall

Cabernet Sauvignon mainly - full body, ripe flavours, dried herbs, chocolate

Also Chardonnay, Merlot, Zinfandel, Petit Verdot, Malbec

Producer: Kendall-Jackson

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29
Q

Knights Valley AVA

A

Northern Sonoma

Warmest area in Sonoma
- Furthest inland
- Surrounded by hills and sheltered from any cooling influence of the Pacific

Some cooling influence from altitude in the foothills of the Mayacamas

Cabernet Sauvignon (free draining volcanic soils)

Also: Merlot, Syrah

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30
Q

Dry Creek AVA

A

Northern Sonoma

Known for Zinfandel (and Sauvignon Blanc)
- old 100y+ wines
- Typical maturation in new oak (American is common)

Vineyards both of floor and slopes on both sides of Dry Creek River

Sheltered by coastal ranges = warm days

But mountains on either side of the valley funnel cool ocean air and fog from San Pablo Bay
- much cooler nights to retain acidity

Fresher styles:
- south of the valley; closer to the bay
- east-facing vineyards

Riper styles (more jammy and dried fruit):
- west-facing vineyards on east side of river

Free-draining gravelly soils

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31
Q

Rockpile AVA

A

Northern Sonoma

Steep rocky slopes. Vineyards have to be above 800ft
- variety of altitudes and aspects
- vineyards are above fog layer
- long hours of sunshine

Heavily influenced by snake-like Lake Sonoma
- creates inversion layer
- keeps vineyards relatively warm at night

Shallow soil on slopes + windy conditions = low yields and concentrated ripe fruit.

Zinfandel, Petite Sirah, Cabernet Sauvignon, Bordeaux varieties

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32
Q

Russian River Valley AVA

A

Northern Sonoma / Sonoma Coast

both flat and hilly
- moderate to warm climate

South and west are coolest
- fog and wind from Petaluma Gap
- slower accumulation of sugar, greater acidity
- free-draining soils, low in nutrients
- Pinot Noir and Chardonnay
- fresh style of Pinot, with med+ acidity and med body
- Chardonnay usually with malo and oak, peach, pineapple

Producer: La Crema

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33
Q

Green Valley of Russian River Valley AVA

A

Part of Russian River Valley AVA

Right next to Petaluma Gap
- first place to get fog and where it disappears last
- Coolest conditions in northern California

Free-draining poor soils, limiting vigor, creating small concentrated grapes

Pinot Noir and Chardonnay (sparkling and still) with higher acidity than the rest of the Valley and fresher fruit

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34
Q

Chalk Hill AVA

A

Part of Russian River Valley AVA

Far inland, hilly area
- blocks some Pacific breezes
- warmer climate than rest of Russian River Valley
- volcanic ash soil (not chalk)

Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc

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35
Q

Sonoma Coast AVA

A

Vineyards can be within a few miles of the coast and extremely exposed to ocean winds and fog
- fruit set is often disrupted and yields are low

Limited sunshine hours due to fog

Dominated by Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, in a fresher style, with higher acidity

Producer: Occidental

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36
Q

Fort Ross Seaview AVA

A

Sonoma Coast

Wines must be over 280m (above fog layer)
- long hours of sunshine and warmth compared to rest of the Sonoma Coast
- coastal winds still provide a moderating influence

Riper fruit than surrounding areas but still high acidity

Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Syrah

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37
Q

Petaluma Gap AVA

A

Sonoma Coast

Defined by its windy conditions
- Winds lower temperatures but can also cause stomata to close sometimes

Open to coast at both ends (from coast to San Pablo Bay). High speed winds flow through.

75% Pinot Noir, rest Chardonnay and Syrah

High acidity, fresh fruit flavours, lower alcohol

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38
Q

Sonoma Valley AVA

A

Bordered by Mayacamas mountains (east) and Sonoma mountains (west), which shelters the area from cold Pacific breezes

Southern part of AVA is open to San Pablo Bay therefore cooler

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39
Q

Sonoma Mountain AVA

A

East-facing steep slopes on Sonoma mountain range

Vineyards planted above the fog line
- intense sunlight
- warm days
- ripe flavors and tannins

Cold air coming down from mountains at night
- retain acidity

Free-draining volcanic soils

Concentrated, ripe Cabernet Sauvignon
- also Merlot, Syrah
- Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc grown in cooler sites, generally closer to the coast

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40
Q

Bennet Valley AVA

A

Small appellation

Surrounded by hills giving warm sheltered conditions during day

At night, cool air and fog gets into valley through break in the hills

Syrah, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay

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41
Q

Carneros AVA

A

Close to San Pablo Bay
- affected by fog and cold winds in morning and evening - days are warm and sunny

Low elevation appellation

Chardonnay and Pinot Noir (some sparkling as well)
- ranges from fresher to riper styles

Some producers own vineyards in Carneros or buy in grapes from Carneros for higher acid blending material

Producer: Ramey

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42
Q

Napa Valley labeling

A

AVAs which qualify for sub-AVAs of Napa have to include ‘Napa Valley’ on the label

Napa Valley AVA covers the whole region

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43
Q

Napa Valley growing environment

A

Napa River
Mayacamas mountains (shelter from cold Pacific winds) Vaca mountains (protection from hot Central Valley)

Open to San Pablo Bay in south

Vineyards heat up during day, air rises and pulls in cold air from the bay up the valley in the afternoon. Valley floor is under layer of fog (high diurnal range)

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44
Q

AVAs affected by fog in Napa

and their grape varieties

A

Carneros (Chardonnay, Pinot Noir)

Coombsville (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay)

Oak Knoll (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot Chardonnay)

Merlot and Cabernet tend to be lighter-bodied, with fresher fruit than from warmer AVAs

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45
Q

Napa AVAs on valley floor not affected by fog

and their grape varieties

A

Warm climate but nights still cooled by winds and fog:
- Yountville AVA
- Stags Leap District AVA
- Oakville AVA
- Rutherford AVA
- Cabernet Sauvignon is predominant, ripe, full-bodied, and fruiter in youth than the more structured wines from the mountains
- Sauvignon Blanc is the main white grape
- also Merlot, Zinfandel

Very little influence from San Pablo Bay:
- Calistoga AVA (night-time cooling influence from Pacific through Chalk Hill gap)
- St Helena AVA
- warm to hot
- Cabernet, Merlot, Zinfandel

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46
Q

Best known valley floor area in Napa

A

The Rutherford Bench

gently sloping alluvial fan at the bottom of Mayacamas range

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47
Q

Napa mountain AVAs

A
  • above fog layer
  • longer hours of sunshine
  • cooling influence from altitude
  • lower diurnal range
  • higher levels of tannins and acidity

West-facing slopes (generally on east side of valley) tend to be warmer, making riper wine

Mount Veeder AVA
- coolest AVA; Cabernet can struggle to ripen

Atlas Peak AVA
- relatively cool but does get the afternoon sun

Spring Mountain District AVA and Diamond Mountain District AVA
- both are slightly cooler

Howel Mountain AVA
- one of the warmest Napa AVAs
- very concentrated ripe Cabernet with high firm tannins

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48
Q

3 different soil types within Napa

A

Mountains
- thin, poor soil

Valley
- silt, clay (formed by Napa River flooding)
- highest fertility and water holding capacity
- less structured wines

Alluvial fans, aka ‘benches’
- created at the bottom of the mountains
- west side of the valley
- deposition of sediments by mountain streams
- deep, rocky, moderate fertility

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49
Q

Vineyard management in Napa

A

Mainly cordon or replacement spur with VSP.

Valley floor mechanized
- steeper mountain vineyards are worked by hand

Drip irrigation common

Frost can be problem on valley floor
- air movement and warmer nights reduce the risk in mountain vineyards

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50
Q

Expanding vineyards in Napa

A

Legislation prohibits planting vines on slopes steeper than 30%

Tax benefit for people who keep vineyards rather than building upon it

51
Q

Napa winemaking

A

In 1980s and 1990s, very full-bodied intense wines
- long hang time
- lots of new oak

More diverse styles today
- general trend is for more restraint
- earlier picking
- less time in oak

Well-resourced wineries
- e.g. optical sorting

Blending:
- different soil types
- cooler regions and warmer regions

Some single-vineyard wines from prestigious vineyards, like To Kalon

52
Q

Central Coast AVA

A

Large AVA running from San Francisco to Santa Barbara.

Southern Coast Ranges have a large influence on climate

Cooled by winds funneling in through gaps in the coastal mountains
- at some points, the coastal ranges change to an east-west orientation, funneling in air

53
Q

Livermore Valley AVA

A

Cold winds from San Francisco Bay in the afternoon traveling toward Central Vineyards

Free-draining stony soils

Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc, Zinfandel

concentrated, ripe flavors and tannins with fresh acidity

Home to some of the oldest wineries in US - Wente and Concannon Vineyards who brought cuttings from Europe

54
Q

Santa Cruz Mountains AVA

A

Most vineyards at high altitudes (up to 800m)
- cooling influence during the day
- at night, cold air slips down slopes, forcing warm air upwards = relatively warm nights (avoiding frost)
- Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir

Eastern side is warmer
- Zinfandel, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot

Producer: Mount Eden Vineyards

55
Q

Monterey AVA

A

follows Salinas River Valley (moderated by cool marine air funneled from Monterey Bay)

Monterey Bay
- water is deep and cold
- afternoons and evenings are very windy and cool

North (cooler):
- Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Riesling

Inland (warmer):
- Chardonnay, Cabernet, Merlot, Syrah, Zinfandel

Free-draining sandy loam and gravel (irrigation essential)

Mechanization on valley floor
- inexpensive, cross-regional blends

56
Q

Santa Lucia Highlands AVA

A

Southeast facing alluvial terraces (up to 350m) exposed to winds and fog
- can be windy enough to close stomata

Elevation takes advantage of morning sunshine before afternoon maritime breezes.

Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Syrah

Fresh flavor and high acidity

57
Q

Arroyo Seco AVA

A

From the Arroyo Seco canyon to the Salinas Valley floor

Vineyards within canyon
- more sheltered from coastal influence
- Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Zinfandel

Vineyards on valley floor
- exposed to afternoon breezes
- Chardonnay, Riesling

58
Q

Chalone AVA

A

in the Gabilan Mountain Range (around 550m)
- above fog line

Warm days with long hours of sunshine, cooler nights (retention of acidity)

Granite, limestone soils
- free draining
- low yields of concentrated grapes

Known for Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

59
Q

Carmel Valley AVA

A

Vineyards in Cachagua Valley (further inland)
- up to 670m and above fog line
- can be sheltered from coastal influences
- some of the warmest places in Monterey
- altitude means cool nights
- Cabernet Merlot

Vineyards in Carmel Valley (closer to coast)
- Pinot Noir, Chardonnay

60
Q

AVAs of Monterey County

A

Monterey AVA

Santa Lucia Highlands AVA

Arroyo Seco AVA

Chalone AVA

Carmel Valley AVA

61
Q

AVAs of San Luis Obispo County

A

Paso Robles AVA

Edna Valley AVA

Arroyo Grande Valley AVA

62
Q

Paso Robles AVA

A

has 11 sub-AVAs
- must still state “Paso Robles”on the label

Valley floors, hills, and mountains (up to 670m)

Eastern part
- warmer
- more concentrated, riper

Western part
- nearer Pacific
- higher acidity, fresher
- The Templeton Gap
- low point in Coastal Range that allows Pacific air to reach inland
- moderating influence

Calcareous soils (rare in California)
- in areas with moderate rainfall, producers can dry-farm

Cabernet (40%)
- also Merlot, Syrah, Zinfandel
- also known for black and white Rhone varieties

Producer: Tablas Creek

63
Q

Edna Valley AVA

A

One of coolest AVAs in California (5miles from Pacific)

Cool fog and wind from Morro Bay (north)

High quality Chardonnay and Pinot Noir (still/sparkling)

64
Q

Arroyo Grande Valley AVA

A

One of the cooler areas in California

Warm, sunny days

Funneling of fog and wind through valley
- cool nights
- high acidity

Pinot Noir, Chardonnay (still/sparkling)
- Zinfandel, Syrah in areas further inland

65
Q

AVAs of Santa Barbara County

A

Santa Maria Valley AVA

Santa Ynez Valley AVA
- Sta. Rita Hills AVA
- Ballard Canyon AVA
- Los Olivos AVA
- Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara AVA

66
Q

Santa Barbara County

general topography, grapes, producers, legislation

A

Located in Transverse Ranges
- east-west orientation of the Southern Coast Ranges
- western part faces Pacific and funnels cooling breezes and fog

Air circulation reduces risk of fungal diseases and frost
- allows grapes some extra hang time, which can be needed

Chardonnay and Pinot Noir mainly (up to super premium)
- Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Rhone varieties

Producer: Sine Qua Non

Legislation prohibits cellar door at winery, must be in the city instead

67
Q

Santa Maria Valley AVA

A

valley runs west to east
- consistently funneling cold air from Pacific
- keeping temperatures cool

100-250m on slopes

Pinot Noir and Chardonnay

68
Q

Santa Ynez Valley AVA

A

both cool coastal and warm inland temperatures

4 sub-AVAs
- Sta Rita Hills
- Ballard Canyon
- Los Olivos District
- Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara

69
Q

Sta. Rita Hills AVA

A

Within the Santa Ynez Valley AVA

Cool temperatures and calcium rich soils

Framed by Purisima Hills (north) and Santa Rosa Hills (south)

Closest to Pacific
- first area to receive cool fog and breezes that funnel inland through Transverse Ranges

Hilly and diverse soils
- variety of different conditions

Pinot Noir (signature), Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Viognier, Syrah

Low supply + high demand = premium prices

70
Q

Ballard Canyon AVA

A

Within the Santa Ynez Valley AVA

Canyon runs north-to-south
- shelters vineyards from cool breezes from west

Does get overnight fog
- cooler nights

Syrah, Grenache due to warmer conditions

71
Q

Los Olivos AVA

A

Within the Santa Ynez Valley AVA

Warm sunny days

Low altitude and not much fog
- low diurnal range

Bordeaux, Rhone and Italian varieties

72
Q

Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara AVA

A

Within the Santa Ynez Valley AVA
- furthest inland
- also, valley shifts orientation to north-south and blocks Pacific breezes
- warm temperatures

Cooling influence from altitude and exposure to afternoon winds
- high diurnal range

Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc

73
Q

Central Valley general information and grapes

A

consists of 2 valleys
- Sacramento Valley
- San Joaqin Valley

High yielding vineyards on flat fertile sites
- very warm
- very ripe grapes

Colombard, Chardonnay, Zinfandel, Merlot

E&J Gallo

Usually labelled ‘California’.. no AVA for Central Valley

74
Q

Lodi AVA

A

Hot mediterranean climate moderated by cooling afternoon winds from San Francisco Bay and Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

Flat land
- breezes from the Bay can travel far inland

Irrigation needed
- soil is free-draining

Windy conditions
- less risk of frost and disease

Cordon, VSP usual
- some old bush vines as well

Known for Zinfandel (bush vines)
- wide range of varieties can ripen - Rhone, Southern France, Bordeaux, Spanish, Portugese, German, Italian
- can be part of an inexpensive multi-regional blend or can be labeled as Lodi AVA

Producer: Ravenswood

‘Lodi Rules’ sustainability program

75
Q

Sub-AVA of Lodi AVA name and labelling

A

7 sub-AVAs

Mokelumne River AVA
- majority of Lodi’s wineries
- old Zinfandel bush vines

Must state ‘Lodi’ on label along with sub-AVA name

76
Q

Clarksburg AVA

A

Central Valley

Hot days regulated by afternoon breezes from Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

Known for Chenin Blanc and Petite Sirah

Majority goes to “California” blends, rather than AVA

77
Q

Sierra Foothills AVA

A

Western foothills of the Sierra Nevadas

Day time temps are hot
- cool air descends from mountains at night
- high diurnal range
- high altitude also helps to manage sugar levels (up to 1000m+)

Sandy clay loam
- retains water to allow dry farming

Old vine Zinfandel
- also Rhone, Italian, Spanish varieties

78
Q

South Coast AVA

A

Low latitude

Cooled by Pacific breezes and/or altitude

Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinfandel, Chenin Blanc

79
Q

Oregon climate

A

Most vineyards close to Pacific, but Coast Range provides some protection

Cool to moderate climate
- Cold ocean currents and winds from Pacific

Long daylight hours in the summer and autumn

High levels of rainfall
- mainly falls in winter
- summers are fairly dry

80
Q

Soil in Oregon

A

Free-draining marine sedimentary

Volcanic

Loess

81
Q

Sustainable and organic viticulture in Oregon

A

wind and dry summers reduce disease pressure

Emphasizes sustainable, organic and biodynamic

Half of all Demeter Biodynamic vineyards in US are in Oregon

82
Q

Grape varieties in Oregon

A

Dominated by Pinot Noir (57%)
Pinot Gris (but being overtaken by Chardonnay)
Syrah
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
Riesling

Clonal selection is very important
- Traditionally using Wadenswil and Pommard
- Now also using Dijon clones
- permits greater clonal diversity
- allows growers to match clone to climate, soil, and desired wine style
- some California clones (e.g. Wente) didn’t ripen well in the cooler climate, but with warmer vintages, some are moving towards those clones

83
Q

Oregon Pinot Noir expression and winemaking

+ Producers

A

Use of whole bunches increasing

Experimentation
- ambient yeast
- storage vessels, e.g. amphorae

Majority aged in oak with proportion of new
- new oak decreasing though

Med(+) acidity, med (+) tannins, often high alcohol
Red cherry, raspberry to black cherry and plum

Producer: Bergstrom Wines

84
Q

Oregon Pinot Gris

A

Both dry and off-dry style
- trend toward drier styles

Range of winemaking techniques:
- whole-bunch pressing, cool fermentation in stainless (fruity styles)
- skin contact, old barrels and lees contact to increase texture and complexity

Med-full bodied, med (+) acidity, pear, peach, melon, sometimes nutty, honey

85
Q

Oregon Chardonnay

A

Med(+) acidity and body, lemon, peach

Whole-bunch pressing, fermentation and maturation in old oak.

Full malolactic and lees contact common.
- lees usually left without stirring to encourage slight reduction (smoky, struck match)

86
Q

General conditions in Willamette Valley AVA

A

Coast Range to the west provides some protection but various parts are affected by cold Pacific winds

One of the coolest and wettest areas of Oregon, but still benefits from warm, dry summers with long hours of sunshine.

High diurnal range in summer
- air raises from warm central Oregon and causes cool coastal air to be pulled inland
- lack of humidity in air during dry growing season means temperatures can rise and fall quickly

Legislation prohibits use of water from rivers to all but longest-established producers
- would need to build a pond
- not economical for small producers
- many dry farm as a result, if rainfall and soil permit

87
Q

Soils in Willamette Valley AVA

and training systems to regulate growth

A

Fertile loam on valley floors (suited to Pinot Gris)
- For Pinot Noir, vigor has to be managed (Scott-Henry training)

Lower fertility on slopes
- mixture of marine sedimentary soil, volcanic basalt and loess
- cordon or cane with VSP

88
Q

Willamette Valley AVA sub-AVAs

A

Dundee Hills AVA

Chehalem Mountains AVA

Ribbon Ridge AVA

Yamhill-Carlton District AVA

Van Duzer Corridor AVA

Eola-Amity Hills AVA

McMinnville AVA

89
Q

Dundee Hills AVA

A

first Pinot Noir was planted here

Warmer than other AVAs
- mountains shelter from cold wet conditions
- Coast Range to the west
- Chehalem Mountains to the north

Volcanic hills (up to 325m)
- higher altitude than the rest of Willamette
- helps to retain acidity

clay soil
- important for water retention

90
Q

Chehalem Mountains AVA

A

Range of altitude, aspects and soil types
- up to 300m

Highest number of plantings

91
Q

Ribbon Ridge AVA

A

Low altitude

Protected from wind by surrounding ranges
- consistently warm, dry conditions

Concentrated ripe grapes

92
Q

Yamhill-Carlton District AVA

A

In the foothills of the Coast Range
- creates a rain shadow

South-facing slopes (up to 300m)

Sheltered location
- riper fruit, fuller body, lower acidity

93
Q

Van Duzer Corridor AVA

A

break in Coast Range funnels in Pacific Ocean winds during the afternoon
- can disrupt flowering and fruit set
- can cause stomata to close
- helps to retain acidity, slow sugar accumulation while flavors develop
- reduces disease pressure

94
Q

Eola-Amity Hills AVA

A

Ridge of hills (up to 250m)

Influenced by winds from Van Duzer Corridor
- slower ripening

range of aspects and altitudes (regulates how much vineyards are affected by wind)

95
Q

McMinnville AVA

A

Some sites are protected from wind by Coast Range

Some are influenced by cool winds from Van Duzer Corridor

96
Q

Southern Oregon AVA general conditions and sub-AVAs

A

Warmer than Willamette
- cooling influence from altitude
- mountain air descending at night
- breezes channeled through river valleys in evening
- high diurnal range

Growing season is dry
- irrigation essential (rainfall in winter)

Soils:
- marine sedimentary and volcanic (both contain clay)
- alluvial (more free-draining)

Dry-farmed vineyards are usually planted with Rhone varieties

Pinot Noir (40%), Pinot Gris, Syrah, Cabernet

Umpqua Valley AVA and Rogue Valley AVA

97
Q

Umpqua Valley AVA

A

Southern Oregon AVA

confluence of 3 mountain ranges
- Coast Range
- Cascade Range
- Klamath Mountains

Diverse range of altitudes (up to 400m), aspects, and soils

North
- relatively cool (breezes from Umpqua River gorge)
- Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris, Gewurztraminer, Riesling

Central/South
- warmer
- Syrah, Merlot, Tempranillo

98
Q

Rogue Valley AVA

A

Southern Oregon AVA

Warmest and driest conditions in Oregon

Cooling influence from altitude (250-950m)
- Klamath Mountains
- Cascade Range

Cool afternoon/evening breezes from Pacific

Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo, Pinot Noir

99
Q

Multi-state appelations in Oregon/Washington

A
  • Columbia Gorge
  • Columbia Valley
  • Walla Walla Valley
100
Q

Walla Walla Valley AVA (Oregon)

A

arid continental climate with hot dry summers

nearly 40% Cabernet Sauvignon (then Merlot, Syrah)

Rocks District of Milton-Freewater Sub-AVA
- basalt stones and gravel
- radiated warmth adds ripeness

101
Q

Columbia Gorge AVA

A

Western side
- cooler, wetter,

Eastern side
- warmer, drier

Cooling influences
- altitude
- winds funneled by the gorge

Range of conditions = number of varieties grown

102
Q

Oregon labeling laws

A

100% grapes must be grown in Oregon

95% of grapes must come from appellation on the label

If a variety is stated, min 90% of that grape

103
Q

Oregon wine business

A

75% of producers are small family-owned wineries

Mostly estate-grown fruit

Huge growth in # of wineries in last two decades
- investment from other states, e.g. California
- investment from other countries, like France

25% DTC sales (cellar door, wine clubs)
- remainder sold domestically
- very little exported

104
Q

General conditions in Washington state and history

A

Cascade Mountains block wet Pacific weather
- dry, warm conditions

Viticulture grew with irrigation from melt-water from Cascades

1969
- began allowing import of wines from outside of state
- industry quickly improved

105
Q

Grape varieties grown in Washington

A

Wide range, without anything dominant

Top 5:
Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay, Riesling, Syrah

Ripe fruit flavours, sometimes high alcohol, but often with high acidity (due to cool nights)

High proportion of new oak

Proportion of whole bunch or stems can be used for Syrah

106
Q

Wine Regions in Washington state

A

Columbia Valley AVA

Yakima Valley AVA
- Red Montain AVA
- Rattlesnake Hills AVA

Horse Heaven Hills AVA

Wahluke Slope AVA

Walla Walla Valley AVA

Columbia Gorge AVA

Puget Sound AVA

107
Q

Columbia Valley AVA

A

covers 1/3 of Washington state (and 99% of whole production)

Sheltered by Cascade Range
- Desert-like conditions
- continental hot summers, cold winters
- long daylight hours
- high diurnal range (good acidity)

Sugar accumulates quickly during summer but cool autumn slows down ripening (allowing full flavor ripeness)

Basalt bedrock with sandy topsoils
- Free draining, low in nutrients
- irrigation is essential

Low phylloxera risk (sand)
- own roots

Low disease pressure

Frost and winter freeze are main hazards
- planting on slopes

Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay, Riesling, Syrah

108
Q

Yakima Valley AVA

A

Similar climate to wider Columbia Valley AVA, with same range of varieties

Some colder sides for whites, and warmer sites for reds

Mostly planted on slopes (avoiding frost)

Sub-AVAs - Red Mountains AVA and Rattlesnake Hills AVA

109
Q

Red Mountain AVA

A

sub-AVA of Yakima Valley AVA

vineyards on elevated ridges facing south-west
- some of the warmest vineyards in the state
- high diurnal range preserves acidity

low yields of concentrated Cabernet Sauvignon (often full body, high alcohol)

110
Q

Rattlesnake Hills AVA

A

sub-AVA of Yakima Valley AVA

South facing slopes at higher altitudes
- lower temperatures

Riesling is most planted

111
Q

Horse Heaven Hills AVA

A

25% of Washington production

Mainly black grapes
- Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah
- also Chardonnay, Riesling

South-facing slopes
- Ripe fruit (both white and red) and full body

Strong winds
- pretection from frost, extending growing season, reduction of disease pressure

112
Q

Wahluke Slope AVA

A

Some of driest and warmest conditions in Washington

Gentle south facing slope
- maximize sun exposure
- slopes, along with proximity to river, facilitate airflow

Mainly red grapes
- Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah

Sandy free-draining soils
- almost entirely dependent on irrigation

113
Q

Walla Walla Valley AVA (Washington)

A

East is cooler and wetter
- Blue Mountain foothills
- altitudes up to 600m

West is warmer and drier

Topography doesn’t allow cold air to drain
- risk of spring and autumn frost is greater

Wide range of varieties can ripen
- Cabernet, Merlot, Syrah,
- Italian, Spanish, Rhone varieties
- Chardonnay

114
Q

Puget Sound AVA

A

West of Cascade Mountain range
- cooler, wetter
- still warm and dry in summer, with mild wet winters

Dominated by hybrids, e.g. Muller-Thurgau

Some Pinot Noir and Riesling

115
Q

Wine business in Washington state

A

Evolved from mostly producing Riesling into producing more Bordeaux and Rhone varieties.

Production has grown rapidly in recent decades
- dominated by Ste. Michelle Wine Estates

Mostly sold in-state
- the most iconic wines are distributed nationwide
- minimal exports

Cellar doors are important route to market

116
Q

New York State general history

A

1957 Dr Konstantin Frank succeeded in over-wintering of Chardonnay and Riesling - Vinifera Wine Cellars

Farm Winery Act in 1976 allowed growers to open wineries and sell directly to public.

117
Q

AVAs of New York state

A

Finger Lakes AVA

Hudson River Region AVA

Long Island AVA

118
Q

Finger Lakes AVA

Growing environment

A

Below lake Ontario

One of coldest USA AVAs
- cool continental climate
- warm summers

Fertile soils and sufficient rainfall
- low densities of large vines
- Scott-Henry to split canopy, increase airflow, and reduce shading

Winter freeze is an issue
- snow helps to insulate
- hilling up around the graft

119
Q

Finger Lakes AVA

varieties

A

Initially cold-hardy hybrids
- Concord, Vidal

Riesling fermented in steel, few hours of skin contact or lees optional
- also make late-harvest and botrytised styles

Cabernet Franc
- mid-ripening and winter hardy
- less new oak than in the past
- French or Hungarian oak (more subtle)

Chardonnay (also sparkling), Pinot Noir

120
Q

Effect of lakes in Finger Lakes AVA

A

Lakes
- very deep lakes (moderate temperature)
- slopes toward lakes help cold air descend toward water (warm air above lake raises)
- lake-effect snow (protection of vines in winter)
- warming influence in autumn
- cool air delays bud burst in spring

121
Q

Long Island AVA

Climate
Viticulture

A

2 peninsulas (and sub-AVAs)
- North Fork
- Hamptons

North Fork is slightly warmer and more protected from weather events.

Atlantic Ocean, Peconic Bay, and Long Island Sound
- Maritime climate with long growing season because water releases heat into autumn

High humidity = risk of fungal diseases
- wind near coasts helps to mitigate

Trained and trellised with VSP
- not as vigorous as Finger Lakes
- low nutrient soils and good drainage

122
Q

Long Island AVA

Wine varieties
Winemaking
Wine business

A

Merlot is the signature variety
- also Bordeaux varieties, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc

Most red wine matured in oak
- French, Hungarian, American
- proportion of new oak is common

Chardonnay is made in both oaked and unoaked styles
- malo and lees aging are common
- other whites are mostly fruity and unoaked

Producer: Wolffer Estate

Cellar door is very important
- proximity to Manhattan and the Hamptons

123
Q

Hudson River Region AVA

A

Very small area planted

Continental climate
- spring frost can be problem and winter freeze is avoided by hilling up

Hybrids (e.g. Vidal)
Cool-climate vinifera (e.g. Riesling, Cab Franc)

124
Q

Wine business in New York State

A

Before the Farm Winery Act in 1976, market was dominated by large companies producing inexpensive wine.

Vast majority is sold in state
- Cellar door sales.

New York City has been slow to embrace local wines

Old_Full (26 decks)

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