Ch. 22-26 – USA Flashcards

Question

Relationship between growers and producers in California

Answer 1

Many producers buy in grapes to supplement their own production Enlarging portfolio of wines Many producers act as merchants or grower-merchants

Answer 2

Chardonnay Cabernet Sauvignon Pinot Noir Zinfandel ``` Merlot Colombard Syrah Pinot Gris Sauvignon Blanc Petitie Sirah ```

Answer 3

Full spectrum of styles Usually nearer coastal influence or at high altitudes Med(full) bodied styles, peach pineapple, sencondary tones from oak and malo Leaner styles (citrus, less oak, reductive aromas from lees contact) Residual sugar on inexpensive versions with oak alternatives

Answer 4

Site is influential Moderating influence - fresher style of black fruit, herbal aroma, less body, lower alcohol. Concentrated - green harvest, long hang times, full body high alcohol High percentage of new French oak Also blended with Bordeaux varieties

Answer 5

On relatively cool sites with coastal influence Med+ acidity, med body, med alcohol fresh cherry, raspberry Riper fruit styles - med - med+ acidity, greater body, black fruit, jammy Some do whole bunch ferment and stem inclusion Common maturation in partially new french oak

Answer 6

number of old wines (100y+) Prone to uneaven ripening Med+ acidity, fresh fruit + jammy notes, blueberry, blackberry American oak usually for maturation (vanilla) White Zinfandel style: - short maceration before cool ferment in steel - med dry, low alcohol, med acidity and body - strawberry, fruit candy

Answer 7

Very popular in 1990s and 2000s Now mainly inexpensive, some premium is done Used in Bordeaux blends

Answer 8

neutral white grape inexpensive wines blended 'fruity white' 'dry white'

Answer 9

Areas with some cooling influence med (med+) body, med+ acidity and tannin, fresh plum, blackberry, spice

Answer 10

increasing dry but fruity style Peach pear, melon

Answer 11

fruity style (steel) Fume Blanc - usually (not necessarily) ferment and matured in oak

Answer 12

Largest AVA in California Encompasses 54 AVAs (including Napa County, Sonoma County, Mendocino County, Lake County)

Answer 13

generally lower priced than Napa and Sonoma and used in multiregional blends

Answer 14

only few miles from Pacific. Day time warm but cold air and fog is funnelled inland Navarro River, giving cold evenings and mornings (less influence more inland - valley is more narrow) Plenty of rain (900-2000mm) monstly in winter and spring Vineyards on slopes, frost can be problem Pinot Noir and Chardonnay (sparkling and still) - fresh styles Also Alsace-styles whites (Gewurz, Riesling, Pinot Gris, Pinot Blanc) Producers: Littorai and Williams Selyem

Answer 15

in the rain shadow of Mayacamas Mountains and Vaca Range - warm climate Lake provides cool afternoon breezes Vineyards on slopes in 400-450m - moderating influence Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc Mostly multiregional blends (few prestigious producers)

Answer 16

Northern Sonoma AVA Sonoma Coast AVA Sonoma Valley AVA allow producers to use term 'estate bottled' while still allowing 'Sonoma' appear on the bottle

Answer 17

Northeast corner of Sonoma County Warm climate cooled in evenings by Pacific air funnelled in from the Petaluma Gap and Russian River Valley to the south. Both valley and slopes (100-750m) - long hours of sunshine - high colour and tannin, altitudes helps with acidity Fertile valley floor, free draining slopes. 800mm rain (mainly winter) Cabernet Sauvignon mainly - full body, ripe flavours, dried, herbs, chocolate Also Chardonnay, Merlot, Zinfandel, Petit Verdot, Malbec Producers: Kendall-Jackson (including Stonestreet Estate) and Seghesio

Answer 18

Surrounded by hills and sheltered from any cooling influence of the Pacific - warmest area of Sonoma Cooling influence of altitude (450m) Cabernet Sauvignon (free draining volcanic soils) Also: Merlot, Syrah, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc

Answer 19

Known for Zinfandel (and Sauvignon Blanc) - old 100y + wines - Typical maturation in oak (American is common) Vineyards both of floor and slopes on both sides of Dry Creek River. Sheltered by coastal ranges (warm days) but mountains on either side of the valley funnel cool ocean air and fog from San Pablo Bay - much cooler nights to retain acidity

Answer 20

Overlapping Dry Creek AVA and extending into Mendoncino County Steep rocky slopes. Vineyards have to be above 800ft (244m) to be in AVA. Variety of soils and aspects. Heavily influenced by snake-like Lake Sonoma (which creates inversion - keeping vineyards relatively warm at night) Vineyards sit above fog layer. Shallow soil on slopes + windy conditions = low yields and concentrated ripe fruit. Zinfandel, Petite Sirah, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Malbec, Petit Verdot, Portugese varieties

Answer 21

both flat and hilly Moderate to warm climate South and west are coolest - fog and wind from Petaluma Gap - slower accumulation of sugar, greater acidity, Free-draining soils, low in nutrients Pinot Noir and Chardonnay mainly. Producers: Rochioli and La Crema

Answer 22

Chalk Hill AVA Green Valley of Russian River Valley AVA

Answer 23

Part of Russian River Valley AVA Right next to Petaluma Gap - where fog spreads early and disappears latest. Coolest conditions in nothern Califronia Free-draining poor sandstone soils, limiting vigour, creating small concentrated grapes. Pinot Noir and Chardonnay (sparkling and still) with higher acidity than the rest of the Valley and fresher fruit

Answer 24

Part of Russian River Valley AVA hilly area in north which blocks some Pacific breezes - warmer climate with volcanic ash soil Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc

Answer 25

Few miles from coast and extremely exposed to ocean winds and fog - fruit set can be sometimes disrupted and yields are low Limited sunshine hours due to fog Dominated by Pinot Noir and Chardonnay Producers: Aubert and Occidental

Answer 26

Wines must be over 280m (above fog layer) riper fruit but still high acidity Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Syrah

Answer 27

Defined by its windy conditions Open to cost at both ends. High speed coastal winds flow through. Winds lowers temperatures and causes stomata to close sometimes 75% Pinot Noir, rest Chardonnay and Syrah High acidity, fresh fruit flavours, lower alcohol

Answer 28

Has smaller AVA within Bordered by Mayacamas mountain and Sonoma mountain range which shelters the area from cold Pacific breezes. Southern part of AVA is open to San Pablo Bay therefore cooler

Answer 29

Small appellation Surrounded by hills giving warm sheltered conditions during day During night cool air and fog gets into valley through break in hills Syrah, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay

Answer 30

close to San Pablo Bay - affected by fog and cold winds in morning and evening. Days are warm and sunny Cool to moderate climate Low elevation appellation Chardonnay and Pinot Noir (some sparkling as well) wider variety of styles also Merlot, Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon Can be labelled Carneros or Los Carneros (and Sonoma or Napa County depending where the grapes come from) Some producers buy in grapes from Carneros for higher acid blending material Producers: Kistler and Tor

Answer 31

AVAs which qualify for sub-AVAs of Napa have to include 'Napa Valley' on the label Napa Valley AVA covers the whole region

Answer 32

4% of production but 50% of retail value of all California wine sold

Answer 33

Formed by Napa River, Mayacamas mountains (shelter from cold Pacific winds) and Vaca mountains (protect from warm Central Valley winds) Open to San Pablo Bay in south Vineyards heat up during day air rises and pulls in cold air from the bay up the valley in the afternoon. Valley floor is under layer of fog (high diurnal range)

Answer 34

Carneros (Chardonnay, Pinot Noir) Coombsville (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay) Oak Knoll (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot Chardonnay)

Answer 35

Yountville AVA Stags Leap District AVA Oakville AVA Rutherford AVA St Helena AVA Calistoga AVA (cooling influence from Pacific through Chalk Hill gap) Warm climate but nights still cooled by winds and fog. Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Zinfandel, Sauvignon Blanc (concentrated fruit but less structured and rounder than from slopes)

Answer 36

The Rutherford Bench gently sloping alluvial fan at the bottom of Mayacamas range

Answer 37

Mount Veeder AVA Atlas Peak AVA Spring Mountain District AVA and Diamond Mountain District AVA Howel Mountain AVA All mainly Cabernet Sauvignon above fog layer, longer hours of sunshine, cooling influence from altitude Lower diurnal range Higher levels of tannins and acidity

Answer 38

Slopes - thin, poor Valley - silt, clay (formed by Napa River) higest fertility and water holding capacity Alluvial fans - created at the bottom of the mountains (west of the valley) deposition of sediments by mountain streams. called 'benches' deep rocky moderate fertility

Answer 39

Napa Green 55% of vineyards

Answer 40

mainly cordon or replacement spur with VSP. Valley floor mechanized Drip irrigation common Frost can be problem

Answer 41

Legislation prohibits planting vines on slopes steeper than 30% Tax benefit for people who keep vineyards rather than building upon it

Answer 42

``` Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Pinot Noir Zinfandel Petit Verdot Malbec Cabernet Franc ``` Chardonnay Sauvignon Blanc Pinot Gris

Answer 43

Screaming Eagle Harlan Estate Stag's Leap Wine Cellars

Answer 44

Large AVA which includes many small ones. Number of Mountain ranges which have a large influence on climate

Answer 45

Cold winds from San Francisco Bay in the afternoon travelling to Central Vineyards Free-draining stony soils Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc, Zinfandel concentrated, ripe flavours and tannins with fresh acidity Home to some of the oldest wineries in US - Wente and Concannon Vineyards who brought cuttings from Europe

Answer 46

Vineyards in high altitudes (up to 800m) providing cooling influence during the day. At night cold air goes down mountains, forcing warm air go upwards - relatively warm nights. (avoiding frost) Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir Eastern side is warmer - Zinfandel, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot Producers: Ridge Vineyards, Mount Eden Vineyards

Answer 47

follows Salinas River Valley (moderated by cool marine air funneled from Monterey Bay) Opens to Monterey Bay - water is deep and cold - afternoons and evenings are very windy and cool Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Riesling - cooler maritime Chardonnay, Cabernet S, Merlot, Syrah, Zinfandel - warmer inland Sandy loam and gravel - free draining (irrigation essential) Mechanization on valley floor - inexpensive, cross-regional blends

Answer 48

Southeast facing alluvial terraces (up to 350m) exposed to winds and fog Elevation takes advantage of morning sunshine before afternoon maritime breezes. Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Syrah Fresh acidity and flavours

Answer 49

named after 'dry creek' Vineyards within canyon are more sheltered from coastal influence - Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, ,Zinfandel Valley floor - exposed to afternoon ìbreezes - Chardonay, Riesling

Answer 50

in the Gabilan Mountain Range (around 550m) - above fog line Warm days with long hours of sunshine, cooler nights (retention of acidity) Granite, limestone soils - free draining - low yields of concentrated grapes Known for Chardonnay and Pinot Noir also: Chenin Blanc, Pinot Blanc, Syrah

Answer 51

up to 670m and above fog line Can be sheltered from coastal influences - some places can be within warmest of Monterey Surrounded by mountains - cool nights Cabernet Merlot Pinot Noir, Chardonnay (closer to coast)

Answer 52

Monterey AVA Santa Lucia Highlands AVA Arroyo Seco AVA Chalone AVA Carmel Valley AVA

Answer 53

Paso Robles AVA Edna Valley AVA Arroyo Grande Valley AVA

Answer 54

for example: Adelaida District AVA can put name on the label but it also must state 'Paso Robles' on the label

Answer 55

has 11 sub-AVAs valley floors, hills, montains (up to 670m) Eastern part - warmer (more concentrated, riper) Western part - nearer Pacific - higher acidity, fresher The Templeton Gap - low point in Coastal Range that allows Pacific's air to reach inland - moderating influence Calcareous soils (rare in California) Producers can dry-farm Black varieties - Merlot, Syrah, Zinfandel Black and white Rhone varieties Producers: Saxum Vineyards, Tablas Creek

Answer 56

one of coolest AVAs in California (5miles from Pacific) Cool fog and wind from Morro Bay (north) High quality Chardonnay and Pinot Noir (still/sparkling) Syrah, Sauvignon Blanc, Albarino, Viognier

Answer 57

One of cooler areas Warm, sunny days, Funneling of fog and wind through valley - cool nights Pinot Noir, Chardonnay (still/sparkling) Zinfandel, Syrah

Answer 58

Santa Maria Valley AVA Santa Ynez Valley AVA - Sta. Rita Hills AVA - Ballard Canyon AVA - Los Olivos AVA - Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara AVA

Answer 59

in Transverse Ranges Western part faces Pacific and funnels cooling breezes and fog Air circulation reduces risk of fungal diseases and frost Chardonnay and Pinot Noir mainly (up to super premium) Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Rhone varieties Producers: Mail Road Wines, Sine Qua Non Legislation prohibits cellar door at winery, must be in the city instead

Answer 60

consistently funnelling cold air from Pacific to vineyards - keeping temperatures cool 100-250m on slopes - sandy clay shale loam Pinot Noir and Chardonnay (then Syrah and Viognier)

Answer 61

both cool coastal and warm inland temperatures 4 sub-AVAs - Sta Rita Hills - Ballard Canyon - Los Olivos District - Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara

Answer 62

Cool temperatures and calcium rich soils Framed by Purisima Hills (north) and Santa Ros Hills (south) Closest to Pacific - first area to receive cool fog and breezes that funnel inland through Transverse Ranges Hilly and diverse soils - variety of different conditions Pinot Noir (signature), Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Viognier, Syrah Low supply high demand - premium prices

Answer 63

further inland Canyon runs north-to-south sheltering vineyards from cool breezes from west Does get overnight fog - cooler nights Syrah, Grenache

Answer 64

on alluvial terraces Warm sunny days, low diurnal range Bordeaux, Rhone and Italian varieties

Answer 65

valley shifts orientation to north-south and blocks pacific breezes - warm temperatures Cooling influence from altitude end exposure to afternoon winds Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc, Bordeaux varieties, Syrah, Grenache

Answer 66

consists of 2 valleys - Sacramento Valley - San Joaqin Valley High yielding vineyards on flat fertile areas - very ripe grapes French Colombard, Chardonnay, Muscat, Zinfandel, Merlot E&J Gallo, Bronco Wine Company Usually labelled 'California'

Answer 67

Hot mediterranean climate moderated by cooling afternoon winds from San Francisco Bay and Scramento-San Joaquin Delta Flat land - breezes from the Bay can travel far inland. Irrigation needed Windy conditions - less risk of frost and disease Cordon, VSP usual (some old bush vines as well) Wide range of varieties can ripen - Rhone, Souhern France, Bordeaux, Spanish, Portugese, German, Italian. Known for Zinfandel (bush wines) Anything from inexpensive to premium Producers: Michael David and Ravenswood 'Lodi Rules' sustainability program

Answer 68

7 sub-AVA Mokelumme River AVA - old Zinfandel bush wines Must state 'Lodi' on label next to sub-AVA name

Answer 69

Central Valley Hot days regulated by afternoon breezes Known for Chenin Blanc and Petite Sirah Chardonnay, Pinot Grigion, Sauvignon Blanc, Viognier Majority goes to California bleds

Answer 70

Day time is hot, cool air from mountains regulates temperature at night - high diurnal range + high altitude (600-1000m) Sandy clay loam - retains water to allow dry farming Old vine Zinfandel Rhone varieties, Italian, Spanish

Answer 71

exposed to breezes from Pacific + regulation of temperature through altitude Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinfandel, Chenin Blanc

Answer 72

In the past made all sort of fruit wine (not from grapes) First successful vineyard near Roseburg in 1961 David Lett planted 5ha in 1966 Wine Olympics organised by Gault-Millau 1979 - Burgundy vs Eyrie Vineyards Number of Burgundian producers now move to Oregon 15 AVA within state 4 across borders Dominated by small family owned businesses

Answer 73

Close to Pacific Coastal Range provides some but not total protection from Pacific influences Cool to moderate climate 42-46'N in latitude (Macon) Cold currents and winds from Pacific. Long day time hours in the summer and autumn - aid to ripening High levels of rainfall (although mainly falls in winter)

Answer 74

Free-draining marine sedimentary, volcanic and loess

Answer 75

wind and dry summers reduce pressure of fungal diseases Emphasizes sustainable, organic and biodynamic 47% of all Demeter Biodynamic vineyards in US are in Oregon Oregon Tilth (organic certifier) Salmon-Safe (low input viticulture and enology) Certified Sustainable and Deep Roots Coalition

Answer 76

``` Dominated by Pinot Noir 58% Second Pinot Gris (being overtaken by Chardonnay) Syrah Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Riesling ``` Clonal selection is very important Not all clones were suited to Oregon (Wente clon of Chardonnay from California) Traditionally using Wadenswil and Pommard Now using Dijon

Answer 77

Use of whole bunch increases Experimentation (ambient yeast, storage vessels etc.) Majority aged in oak with proportion of new (new oak decreases) Med+ acidity, med (+) tannins, often high alcohol Red cherry, raspberry to black cherry and plum Producers: Bergstrom Wines and Evening Land

Answer 78

Bergstrom Wines and Evening Land

Answer 79

Both dry and off-dry style whole-bunch pressing, cool fermentation in stainless (fruity styles) or skin contact, old barrels and lees contact to increase texture and complexity Med-full bodied, med (+) acidity, pear, peach, melon, sometimes nutty, honey

Answer 80

Med + acidity and body, lemon, peach, Whole-bunch pressing, fermentation and maturation in oak. Generally high proportion of new oak. Full malolactic and lees contact common. Lees usually left without stirring to encourage slight reduction (smoky, struck match)

Answer 81

only 50 miles from Pacific, Coast Range from west providing some protection but various parts are affected by cold Pacific winds Coolest and wettest areas of Oregon Warm, dry summers, long hours of sunshine. High diurnal range in summer (air raises from warm central Oregon and causes cool coastal air to be pulled inland) Lack of humidity in air and dry growing season - temperatures can rise and fall quickly Legislation prohibits use of water from river to all but longest-established producers - dry farming Diverse range of soils

Answer 82

Fertile loam on valley floors (suited to Pinot Gris) - Pinot Noir has to be regulated (Scott-Henry training) Higher altitudes - mixture of marine sedimentary soil (sandstone etc.), volcanic basalt and loess (lower in fertility - Cordon with VSP)

Answer 83

Dundee Hills AVA Chehalem Mountains AVA Ribbon Ridge AVA Yamhill-Carlton District AVA Van Duzer Corridor AVA Eola-Amity Hills AVA McMinnville AVA

Answer 84

first Pinot Noir was planted here Volcanic hills running north to south with lateral ridges east to west 60-325m (higher altitudes than the rest of Willamette) Warmer than other AVAs Chehalem Mountains sheltering from cold wet conditions Iron-rich clay - important for water retention

Answer 85

60-305m Ranges of altitude, aspects and soil types (loess, volcanic, basalt and sedimentary) Highest number of plantings

Answer 86

Protected from wind by surrounding ranges consistently warm dry conditions ``` Sedimentary soils (deep but low in nutrients) Moderate water-holding capacity ``` Concentrated ripe grapes

Answer 87

Coast Range gives rain shadow. South facing slopes (60-300m), warm free draining sedimentary soils Riper fruit, fuller body, lower acidity

Answer 88

break in Coast Range funnels in Pacific Ocean winds during the afternoon, cooling the vineyards - can disrupt flowering - helps to retain acidity, slow sugar accumulation while flavours develop - reduces disease pressure Soils are shallow, free-draining, marine sediment loam

Answer 89

Shallow rocky volcanic basalt over sedimentary soils 75-250m Cooling ocean winds - slower ripening range of aspects and altitudes (regulates how much vineyards are affected by wind)

Answer 90

Some sites are protected from wind by Coast Range some are influenced by cool winds from Van Duzer Corridor

Answer 91

Warmer than Willamette (cooling influence from mountain air and altitude), river breezes. High diurnal range Growing season is dry - irrigation essential (rainfall in winter) Marine sedimentary soils, volcanic (clay - water retention) and alluvial (more free-draining) Dry farmed vineyards are usually planted with Rhone varieties Pinot Noir 40%, Pinot Gris, Syrah, Tempranillo Umpqua Valley AVA and Rogue Valley AVA

Answer 92

3 mountain ranges - Coast Range, Cascade Range and Klamath Mountains. Umpqua River Diverse range of vineyard sites and altitudes (50-400m) aspects and soils North - relatively cool (breezes from Umpqua River) - Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris, Gewurztraminer, Riesling South - warmer - Syrah, Merlot, Tempranillo

Answer 93

Applegate Valley sub-AVA Warmest and driest conditions Cooling influence from altitude (250-950m) on Klamath Mountains and Cascade Range Cool afternoon breezes from Pacific Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo, Pinot Noir

Answer 94

Oregon-Washington - Columbia Gorge - Columbia Valley - Walla Walla Valley Oregon-Idaho - Snake River Valley

Answer 95

continental climate with hot dry summers nearly 40% Cabernet Sauvignon (then Merlot, Syrah) Sub-AVA - Rock District of Milton-Freewater - basalt stones and graveled silt loam - warmth radiated from stones adds ripeness

Answer 96

Western side - cooler, wetter, Eastern side - warmer, drier Cooling influence - altitude (up to 600m) and winds funneled by the gorge Number of varieties grown

Answer 97

100% grapes must be grown in Oregon (multi-state appellations may follow either state's labelling law but 100% of grapes must come from these 2 states) 95% of grapes must come from appellation on the label If variety is stated - min 90% of that grape (remaining 10% does not need to be listed on the label)

Answer 98

close to 800 wineries About 70% producers are small family-owned wineries 52% is estate grown fruit 14% sold direct to consumer 16% in state 60% in other states in US 2.5% exported

Answer 99

Cascade Mountains block wet Pacific weather - dry, warm conditions First grapes in 1825 Viticulture grew with irrigation from melt-water from Mountains by immigrants from Italy and Germany 1969 House Bill 100 allowing import of wines from outside of state - industry quickly improved - winemaker Andre Tchelistcheff (Chateau Ste. Michelle) Producers: Quilceda Creek, Cayuse Vineyards, Chateau Ste. Michelle (over half of the production)

Answer 100

Wide range, without anything dominant 58% red - Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay, Riesling, Syrah Ripe fruit flavours, sometimes high alcohol High proportion of new oak Proportion of whole bunch or stems can be used for Syrah

Answer 101

Columbia Valley AVA Yakima Valley AVA - Red Montain AVA - Rattlesnake Hills AVA Horse Heaven Hills AVA Wahluke Slope AVA Walla Walla Valley AVA Columbia Gorge AVA Puget Sound AVA

Answer 102

1/3 of Washington state (and 99% of whole production) Has several smaller AVAs Dessert like conditions (sheltered by Cascade Range) only 150-250mm rain Continental hot summers, cold winters, long daylight hours Sugar accumulates fast during summer but cool autumn slows down ripening (allowing full ripeness) High diurnal range (good acidity) Complex basalt bedrock with sandy, silty loess and alluvial topsoils (flood events, volcanic activity, glacial movements) Free draining, low in nutrients - irrigation is essential Low phylloxera risk (sand) - own roots Low disease pressure Frost and winter freeze are main hazards Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay, Riesling, Syrah

Answer 103

Washington's oldest appellation Similar climate to wider Columbia Valley AVA Few colder sides for white wine Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, Riesling Mostly slopes (avoiding frost) Sub-AVAs - Red Mountains AVA and Rattlesnake Hills AVA

Answer 104

sub-AVA of Yakima Valley AVA vineyards on elevated ridges south-west facing (some of the warmest vineyards) High diurnal range preserves acidity Very densely planted Concentrated Cabernet Sauvignon (often full body, high alcohol)

Answer 105

South facing slopes at higher altitudes - lower temperatures Riesling is most planted (then Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon)

Answer 106

25% of Washington production Mainly black grapes - Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah Chardonnay, Riesling Ripe fruit and full body (both white and red) warm and sunny conditions Strong winds - pretection from frost, extending growing season, reduction of disease pressure

Answer 107

Some of driest and warmest conditions in Washington Gentle south facing slopes (maximum sun exposure) Mainly red grapes - Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah Sandy free-draining soils - almost entirely dependent on irrigation

Answer 108

Multistate AVA altitudes up to 600m East is cooler and wetter, West is warmer and drier Wide range of varieties can ripen Not so windy, risk of frost and fungal diseases is higher Cabernet, Merlot, Syrah, Cabernet Franc, Malbec, Italian, Spanish, Rhone varieties Chardonnay, Viognier, Semillon Sustainable viti organization - Vinea

Answer 109

West of Cascade Mountain range only 42ha are planted Warm and dry in summer, mild, relatively wet winters (up to 1500mm) Dominated by hybrids - Madeleine Angevine, Muller Thurgau, Siegerrebe) Some Pinot Noir and Riesling

Answer 110

Went from producing Riesling into more Bordeaux and Rhone varieties. 2nd largest producing region of US Production is dominated by Ste. Michelle Wine Estates Most sold in state, only iconic wines exported. Only minimum exported outside US Cellar doors are important route to market

Answer 111

1800 American species Failure on Vinifera varieties 1957 Dr Konstantin Frank succeeded in over-wintering of Chardonnay and Riesling - Vinifera Wine Cellars winery Farm Winery Act 1976 allowed growers to open wineries and sell directly to public. 10 AVAs (over 400 wineries)

Answer 112

Finger Lakes AVA Hudson River Region AVA Long Island AVA

Answer 113

Below lake Ontario One of coldest USA AVAs - Cool continental climate Lakes - very deep lakes (moderate temperature) - Slopes towards lakes help cold air descend toward water (warm air above lake raises) - lake-effect snow - protection of vines in winter - Warming influence in autumn - Spring - cool air delays bud burst Fertile soils and sufficient rainfall - low densities of large vines (Scott-Henry) Hybrids - Concord, Niagara, Cayuga, Vidal (some used for jelly) Riesling, Cabernet Franc, Chardonnay (also sparkling), Pinot Noir, Gewurztraminer, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Gris Riesling ferment in steel, few hours of skin contact or lees optinal Cabernet Franc - less new oak (French or Hungarian)

Answer 114

very deep lakes (moderate temperature) - Slopes towards lakes help cold air descend toward water (warm air above lake raises) - lake-effect snow - protection of vines in winter - Warming influence in autumn - Spring - cool air delays bud burst

Answer 115

2 peninsulas (and separate AVAs) the North Fork and Hamptons Maritime climate with long growing season because water releases heat into autumn Bordeaux varieties, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc High humidity (risk of fungal diseases), windy North Fork is slightly warmer and more protected from weather events. Trained and trellised with VSP (low nutrient soils and good drainage) Most of red wine matured in oak (French, Hungarian, American) proportion of new is common Producers: Wolffer Estate and Channing Daughters Cellar door is very important

Answer 116

Small number of plantings (64 ha) Continental climate, spring frost can be problem and winter freeze is avoided by hilling up Seyval Blanc and Vidal (hybrids) Riesling, Chardonnay, Cabernet Franc

Answer 117

If AVA is mentioned on label 85% of grapes must be from there. If vintage is stated, 95% grapes must come from that vintage If grape variety is mentioned, 75% of grapes must be of that variety

Answer 118

before Winery Act in 1976 market was dominated by large companies producing inexpensive wine. Now the industry is dynamic thanks to cellar door sales. Majority is sold in state New York City was slow to embrace local wines.

Answer 119

California Washington New York Oregon