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A&P II > Ch 21 Vessel Structure Thru Venous Return > Flashcards

Ch 21 Vessel Structure Thru Venous Return Flashcards

1
Q

Blood vessels

A

Are organs- made of tissues working together to allow organ to complete basic functions

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2
Q

General systemic circulatory pathway for flow of blood

A

Aorta- arteries- arterioles- capillaries- venules- veins- vena cavaae (large veins)

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3
Q

3 main types of blood vessels

A

Artery
Vein
Capillaries

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4
Q

Walls of an artery or vein contain 3 layers

A

Tunica intima- internal

Tunica media- middle

Tunica adventitia - externa

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5
Q

The thickness of the walls and amounts of connective tissue and smooth muscle depend on …

A

The amount of pressure the vessel must endure

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6
Q

Arteries, veins and capillaries all have spaces for blood to travel through called a

A

Lumen

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7
Q

Covering of lumen (all 3)

A

Endothelium- assists in blood flow

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8
Q

All 3 also have a

A

Basement membrane

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9
Q

Capillaries structural aspect

A

Lumen
Endothelium
Basement membrane ur

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10
Q

Artery internal tunic

A

Internal elastic layer (Swiss cheese)- elastic fibers (elastin) - reinforces wall of artery

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11
Q

Main tissue component of middle tunic

A

Smooth muscle, allows vessels to respond to signals from endocrine and nervous system

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12
Q

Middle tissue layer only in artery

A

Second layer of elastic connective tissue

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13
Q

Tunica externa

A

Semi dense- outer casing

Artery thicker than vein

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14
Q

Arteries carry blood ____ the heart, veins carry blood ___\

A

From, back to

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15
Q

Arteries have ____ walls than veins

A

Thicker

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16
Q

Blood pressure in arteries is _____ whereas it’s ______ in veins

A

High, low

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17
Q

Diameter of lumen- arteries have _____ lumen whereas veins have____ lumen

A

Small, large

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18
Q

Elastic fibers- arteries have ____ elastic fibers where as veins have _____ elastic fibers

A

More, less

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19
Q

Veins have valves arteries

A

Do not, allowing one way flow

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20
Q

Arteries- resistance vessels- carry away from heart

A

Relatively strong, resistant tissue structure that resists high BP

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21
Q

Conducting arteries aka elastic

A

Elastic/large

Aorta, common carotid, subclavian, pulmonary trunk, common iliac arteries

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22
Q

Distributing arteries

A

Muscular or medium
Distributed to specific organs
Brachial, femoral, renal, splenic arteries
Smooth muscle layers constitute 3/4 of wall thickness

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23
Q

Elastic artery aka conducting

A

Thick walls

Located close to heart- aorta and
branches of aorta (2.5- 1 cm diameter)

Tunica media made up of elastic fibers

Stretched as blood is ejected from heart during systole accommodating the surge of blood ( pressure reservoirs)

Recoil during diastole- help propel blood

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24
Q

Conducting arteries aka elastic

A

Elastin

Arteriosclerosis

Deal with highest pressures
Biggest, thickest

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25
Q

Muscular arteries

A

Distributing arteries which move blood into organs- diameter 1.0-.3 cm

Thickest - tunica media

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26
Q

Elastic arteries

A

Move blood forward even during rest

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27
Q

Elastic vesselsStretch under____ and re

A

Stretch under systole, recoil under diastole

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28
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Artery hardened, elastic tissue cannot recoil , less effect on forward moving blood

Leads to CHF/heart disease

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29
Q

Muscular arteries

A

Lie distal to elastic
Include most named arteries
Vasoconstriction and dilating- help with distribution of blood to organs
Thickest media of all vessels
More smooth muscle and less elastic tissue
Thick sheets of elastin on each side of tunica media

External elastic lamina lies between the tunica media tunica externa

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30
Q

Metabolic needs

A

Dictate constriction and dilation

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31
Q

Arterioles

A

Positioned just before capillary bed

Control blood flow/pressure entering capillaries

Thin muscular walls- 1-2 layers of smooth muscle

Smallest arteries

Resistance arteries

Diameter controlled by local factors (intrinsic) and sympathetic division (extrinsic) and long term factors ( hormones)

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32
Q

Capillaries

A

Micro circulation

33
Q

Metarterioles

A

Just upstream from capillary beds

34
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Controls blood reaching capillary beds

35
Q

Arterioles regulate blood flow from arteries to

A

Capillaries

36
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

Arterioles are most significant point of control over peripheral resistance and flow
On proximal side of capillary beds and best positioned to regulate flow into capillaries

Outnumber any other type of artery - most control points

More muscular in proportion to diameter- highly capable of vasomotion

37
Q

Arterioles produce half of the total

A

Peripheral resistance

38
Q

Arterioles control

A

Peripheral pressures in extremities ( peripheral BP)

39
Q

Micro circulation

A

Where nutrient waste exchange takes place

Made up primarily of capillaries

40
Q

Capillaries are the only vessels that allow

A

Nutrient waste exchange

41
Q

Capillaries are referred to as the functional unit of circulatory system

A

Smallest blood vessels

42
Q

Capillary network

A

Exchange of gases nutrients and waste

Walls one cell thick

Great length of capillaries throughout body

Immense surface area for exchange of material

Exchange between blood in capillary and surrounding tissue/ interstitial fluid

43
Q

Capillaries come in form of___ and___\

A

Network and beds

44
Q

Micro circulation

A

Transport of nutrients to the tissues and removal of cell waste

45
Q

Micro circulation of each organ is organized specifically to meet

A

That organs needs

46
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Gaps between neighboring cells
Muscle and lung
Small pores
Most common- skin, muscle

47
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Plasma membrane have many holes
Kidney, small intestine, endocrine
Medium size pores

48
Q

Sinusoids

A

Very large fenestrations
Incomplete basement membrane
Liver, bone marrow, spleen
Large size pores

49
Q

Pores in the walls of capillaries aloe for

A

Nutrient waste exchange

50
Q

Closed fluid system

A

No leaks, maintain pressure possible ( brakes in car)

51
Q

If we’re a closed circuit how do we get nutrients out of blood

A

Small holes in capillaries

52
Q

Capillary exchange

A

Most important blood in the body is in capillaries

Two way movement of fluid across capillary walls -

Water, oxygen, glucose, amino acids lipids, minerals, antibodies, hormones, waste, carbon dioxide, ammonia

53
Q

Through capillary walls are exchanges made between blood and

A

Surrounding tissues

54
Q

Chemical pass through the capillary walls by 3 routes

A

Endothelial cell cytoplasm

Intercellular clefts between endothelial cells

Filtration pores (fenestrations) of fenestrated capillaries

55
Q

Mechanisms involved in capillary exchange

A

Diffusion

Transytosis, filtration, reabsorption

56
Q

Starling law of capillaries

A

Net movement out of capillary into interstitium

Movement is governed by hydrostatic
pressure - protein (oncotic) pressure

Volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed normally is almost as large as volume filter.

Every day 20L of fluid filter out of capillaries in tissue throughout the body . Of this, 17 liters are reabsorbed and 3L enter lymphatic capillaries

57
Q

Filtration requires

A

Pressure

58
Q

Blood enters capillaries from areteioes

A

At arterioles end- pressure is higher

59
Q

Where they dump into veins (capillary)

A

Venule end- pressure is low

60
Q

Arterial end result

A

Net filtration

61
Q

Venous end result

A

Net reabsorption

62
Q

Capillary filtration and reabsorption

A

Variations- glomeruli- devoted to filtration

Alveolar capillary - devoted to absorption

Activity or trauma- increases filtration

63
Q

Starling

A

Movement of fluid in and out of arterioles, capillaries and venules is regulated by the balance between

64
Q

Intravascular hydrostatic pressure-

A

Tends to force fluid out of vessels

65
Q

Osmotic pressure of plasma protein

A

Tends to retain fluid within vessel

66
Q

Venous return mechanism-

A

Veins returning blood to heart

67
Q

Pressure of blood in veins is too low to push blood back to the heart. Over come a few ways

A

Hydrostatic pressure

Action of the heart

Inspiration

Pocket valves

Skeletal pumps

68
Q

Normal venous return

A

Blood flow to heart help-Valves utilized- skeletal muscle of extremities- skeletal muscle pump, breathing action- respiratory pump

69
Q

Respiratory pump- how does this help with blood flow back to heart

A

Enhances venous return- up and down of diaphragm creates a volume- low pressure in chest, high pressure lower/abdomen-

fluid goes high pressure to low pressure

70
Q

Skeletal muscle pump

A

Squeeze when skeletal muscle contracts (tooth paste tube),into vein- contraction, squeezes blood up towards heart, muscle relaxes- pulls new blood in

71
Q

Why is venous return important

A

Cardiac output is controlled by venous return
Heart is not primary controller of CO, venous return is

Heart can only pump volume of blood given

72
Q

Usually- Venus return (5l/min)will equal

A

Cardiac output

73
Q

Venous return is dependent on

A

Blood volume and venous pressure

Vasoconstriction caused by symp

Skeletal muscle pumps

Pressure drop during inhalation

74
Q

End diastolic volume is

A

Preload

75
Q

Venous return controls

A

End diastolic volume and stoke volume, cardiac output

76
Q

Starling

A

Increase preload, heart fills efficiently, stronger force of contraction

77
Q

Venous return and physical activity

A

Exercise increases return by: beating faster- increasing CO and BP

Vessel of skeletal muscle lungs and heart dilate and increase flow

Increase respiratory rate increase action of thoracic pump

78
Q

Venous pooling happens with

A

Inactivity

Venous pressure not enough force blood upward

Prolonged standing, CO may be low enough to cause dizziness

Prevented by tending leg muscles, activating skeletal muscle pump

A&P II (11 decks)

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