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A&P II > Ch 21 Vessel Structure Thru Venous Return > Flashcards

Ch 21 Vessel Structure Thru Venous Return Flashcards

1
Q

Blood vessels

A

Are organs- made of tissues working together to allow organ to complete basic functions

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2
Q

General systemic circulatory pathway for flow of blood

A

Aorta- arteries- arterioles- capillaries- venules- veins- vena cavaae (large veins)

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3
Q

3 main types of blood vessels

A

Artery
Vein
Capillaries

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4
Q

Walls of an artery or vein contain 3 layers

A

Tunica intima- internal

Tunica media- middle

Tunica adventitia - externa

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5
Q

The thickness of the walls and amounts of connective tissue and smooth muscle depend on …

A

The amount of pressure the vessel must endure

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6
Q

Arteries, veins and capillaries all have spaces for blood to travel through called a

A

Lumen

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7
Q

Covering of lumen (all 3)

A

Endothelium- assists in blood flow

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8
Q

All 3 also have a

A

Basement membrane

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9
Q

Capillaries structural aspect

A

Lumen
Endothelium
Basement membrane ur

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10
Q

Artery internal tunic

A

Internal elastic layer (Swiss cheese)- elastic fibers (elastin) - reinforces wall of artery

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11
Q

Main tissue component of middle tunic

A

Smooth muscle, allows vessels to respond to signals from endocrine and nervous system

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12
Q

Middle tissue layer only in artery

A

Second layer of elastic connective tissue

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13
Q

Tunica externa

A

Semi dense- outer casing

Artery thicker than vein

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14
Q

Arteries carry blood ____ the heart, veins carry blood ___\

A

From, back to

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15
Q

Arteries have ____ walls than veins

A

Thicker

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16
Q

Blood pressure in arteries is _____ whereas it’s ______ in veins

A

High, low

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17
Q

Diameter of lumen- arteries have _____ lumen whereas veins have____ lumen

A

Small, large

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18
Q

Elastic fibers- arteries have ____ elastic fibers where as veins have _____ elastic fibers

A

More, less

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19
Q

Veins have valves arteries

A

Do not, allowing one way flow

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20
Q

Arteries- resistance vessels- carry away from heart

A

Relatively strong, resistant tissue structure that resists high BP

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21
Q

Conducting arteries aka elastic

A

Elastic/large

Aorta, common carotid, subclavian, pulmonary trunk, common iliac arteries

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22
Q

Distributing arteries

A

Muscular or medium
Distributed to specific organs
Brachial, femoral, renal, splenic arteries
Smooth muscle layers constitute 3/4 of wall thickness

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23
Q

Elastic artery aka conducting

A

Thick walls

Located close to heart- aorta and
branches of aorta (2.5- 1 cm diameter)

Tunica media made up of elastic fibers

Stretched as blood is ejected from heart during systole accommodating the surge of blood ( pressure reservoirs)

Recoil during diastole- help propel blood

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24
Q

Conducting arteries aka elastic

A

Elastin

Arteriosclerosis

Deal with highest pressures
Biggest, thickest

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25
Muscular arteries
Distributing arteries which move blood into organs- diameter 1.0-.3 cm Thickest - tunica media
26
Elastic arteries
Move blood forward even during rest
27
Elastic vesselsStretch under____ and re
Stretch under systole, recoil under diastole
28
Atherosclerosis
Artery hardened, elastic tissue cannot recoil , less effect on forward moving blood Leads to CHF/heart disease
29
Muscular arteries
Lie distal to elastic Include most named arteries Vasoconstriction and dilating- help with distribution of blood to organs Thickest media of all vessels More smooth muscle and less elastic tissue Thick sheets of elastin on each side of tunica media External elastic lamina lies between the tunica media tunica externa
30
Metabolic needs
Dictate constriction and dilation
31
Arterioles
Positioned just before capillary bed Control blood flow/pressure entering capillaries Thin muscular walls- 1-2 layers of smooth muscle Smallest arteries Resistance arteries Diameter controlled by local factors (intrinsic) and sympathetic division (extrinsic) and long term factors ( hormones)
32
Capillaries
Micro circulation
33
Metarterioles
Just upstream from capillary beds
34
Precapillary sphincters
Controls blood reaching capillary beds
35
Arterioles regulate blood flow from arteries to
Capillaries
36
Peripheral resistance
Arterioles are most significant point of control over peripheral resistance and flow On proximal side of capillary beds and best positioned to regulate flow into capillaries Outnumber any other type of artery - most control points More muscular in proportion to diameter- highly capable of vasomotion
37
Arterioles produce half of the total
Peripheral resistance
38
Arterioles control
Peripheral pressures in extremities ( peripheral BP)
39
Micro circulation
Where nutrient waste exchange takes place Made up primarily of capillaries
40
Capillaries are the only vessels that allow
Nutrient waste exchange
41
Capillaries are referred to as the functional unit of circulatory system
Smallest blood vessels
42
Capillary network
Exchange of gases nutrients and waste Walls one cell thick Great length of capillaries throughout body Immense surface area for exchange of material Exchange between blood in capillary and surrounding tissue/ interstitial fluid
43
Capillaries come in form of___ and___\
Network and beds
44
Micro circulation
Transport of nutrients to the tissues and removal of cell waste
45
Micro circulation of each organ is organized specifically to meet
That organs needs
46
Continuous capillaries
Gaps between neighboring cells Muscle and lung Small pores Most common- skin, muscle
47
Fenestrated capillaries
Plasma membrane have many holes Kidney, small intestine, endocrine Medium size pores
48
Sinusoids
Very large fenestrations Incomplete basement membrane Liver, bone marrow, spleen Large size pores
49
Pores in the walls of capillaries aloe for
Nutrient waste exchange
50
Closed fluid system
No leaks, maintain pressure possible ( brakes in car)
51
If we’re a closed circuit how do we get nutrients out of blood
Small holes in capillaries
52
Capillary exchange
Most important blood in the body is in capillaries Two way movement of fluid across capillary walls - Water, oxygen, glucose, amino acids lipids, minerals, antibodies, hormones, waste, carbon dioxide, ammonia
53
Through capillary walls are exchanges made between blood and
Surrounding tissues
54
Chemical pass through the capillary walls by 3 routes
Endothelial cell cytoplasm Intercellular clefts between endothelial cells Filtration pores (fenestrations) of fenestrated capillaries
55
Mechanisms involved in capillary exchange
Diffusion Transytosis, filtration, reabsorption
56
Starling law of capillaries
Net movement out of capillary into interstitium Movement is governed by hydrostatic pressure - protein (oncotic) pressure Volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed normally is almost as large as volume filter. Every day 20L of fluid filter out of capillaries in tissue throughout the body . Of this, 17 liters are reabsorbed and 3L enter lymphatic capillaries
57
Filtration requires
Pressure
58
Blood enters capillaries from areteioes
At arterioles end- pressure is higher
59
Where they dump into veins (capillary)
Venule end- pressure is low
60
Arterial end result
Net filtration
61
Venous end result
Net reabsorption
62
Capillary filtration and reabsorption
Variations- glomeruli- devoted to filtration Alveolar capillary - devoted to absorption Activity or trauma- increases filtration
63
Starling
Movement of fluid in and out of arterioles, capillaries and venules is regulated by the balance between
64
Intravascular hydrostatic pressure-
Tends to force fluid out of vessels
65
Osmotic pressure of plasma protein
Tends to retain fluid within vessel
66
Venous return mechanism-
Veins returning blood to heart
67
Pressure of blood in veins is too low to push blood back to the heart. Over come a few ways
Hydrostatic pressure Action of the heart Inspiration Pocket valves Skeletal pumps
68
Normal venous return
Blood flow to heart help-Valves utilized- skeletal muscle of extremities- skeletal muscle pump, breathing action- respiratory pump
69
Respiratory pump- how does this help with blood flow back to heart
Enhances venous return- up and down of diaphragm creates a volume- low pressure in chest, high pressure lower/abdomen- fluid goes high pressure to low pressure
70
Skeletal muscle pump
Squeeze when skeletal muscle contracts (tooth paste tube),into vein- contraction, squeezes blood up towards heart, muscle relaxes- pulls new blood in
71
Why is venous return important
Cardiac output is controlled by venous return Heart is not primary controller of CO, venous return is Heart can only pump volume of blood given
72
Usually- Venus return (5l/min)will equal
Cardiac output
73
Venous return is dependent on
Blood volume and venous pressure Vasoconstriction caused by symp Skeletal muscle pumps Pressure drop during inhalation
74
End diastolic volume is
Preload
75
Venous return controls
End diastolic volume and stoke volume, cardiac output
76
Starling
Increase preload, heart fills efficiently, stronger force of contraction
77
Venous return and physical activity
Exercise increases return by: beating faster- increasing CO and BP Vessel of skeletal muscle lungs and heart dilate and increase flow Increase respiratory rate increase action of thoracic pump
78
Venous pooling happens with
Inactivity Venous pressure not enough force blood upward Prolonged standing, CO may be low enough to cause dizziness Prevented by tending leg muscles, activating skeletal muscle pump

A&P II (11 decks)

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