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A&P II > Ch 18 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch 18 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system-

A 
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland 
Pancreas
Ovary
Testes
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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Ability to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment

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3
Q

Control system

A

System that coordinates, regulates and controls things within body

Nervous and endocrine are control system of body

All other systems are maintenance systems

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4
Q

Endocrine system do what

A

Release chemical messengers in blood ( carried by blood) aka hormone— attach to receptor to turn on or off

Communication process (hormonal) chemical messengers

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5
Q

Endocrine

A

Endocrine gland- hormone carried by blood- receptor proteins

Slow to respond but lasts longer
Lock and key system

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6
Q

Nervous system

A

Direct phone line- fast response, short lived

Neurotransmitter- axon- receptor protein

Neurotransmitter released by neurons

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7
Q

Neutransmitter and hormones can

A

In some instances swap places

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8
Q

Motor (effects)means

A

Getting an organ to do something

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9
Q

Primary endocrine organs main function

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, ovaries, texture, placenta

A

To secrete hormone

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10
Q

Secondary endocrine organs/structures secrete hormones as

Hearts, stomach, liver, kidney, small intestine, skin

A

A secondary function, not main job

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11
Q

Glands

No major sensory component to endocrine system- not very capable of detecting stimulus. Can’t detect, can’t correct

A

release product to bloodstream directly

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12
Q

Hormones

A

Products deliver messages to body

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13
Q

Target cells

A

Have a specific receptor for specific hormone

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14
Q

Receptor

A

A protein found on the plasma membrane of a target cell that recognizes a specific hormone and can trigger a change in a cell

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15
Q

Nervous

A

Network of receptors that detect stimuli, send info to control (brain/spine), sends info to effector ( endocrine glands)

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16
Q

Maintain homeostasis

A

Detect stimulus- only nervous can detect these stimuli-

Activate nervous system via receptors sending info to brain

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17
Q

Endocrine system relies on

A

Sensory capabilities of nervous

Work as a team

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18
Q

Neuroendocrine response/ system

A

Combo of nervous and endocrine- due to close association

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19
Q

Neural control centers in the brain control

A

Endocrine glands

Nervous sends impulse to endocrine gland, gland releases hormone to coordinate function

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20
Q

Main neural control center is the

A

Hypothalamus aka master switchboard

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21
Q

Hypothalamus sends messages to what gland

A

Pituitary

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22
Q

Pituitary gland does what

A

Release hormones that regulate body functions

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23
Q

Suspended from hypothalamus by a thin stalk

A

Pituitary gland

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24
Q

Nervous and endocrine systems work together to carry out

A

Homeostatic responses

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25
Q

Endocrine

A

Sets control capabilities with hormones to coordinate and carry out effects by sending out chemicals.

Homeostatic response- activate/ inhibit network of cells

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26
Q

Crine (glands)

A

To secrete

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27
Q

Endocrine gland- within blood

A

Ductless that produce hormones and secrete them into blood

Secrete directly into bloodstream

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28
Q

Exocrine glands - outside - never enter blood

A

Glands that secrete its products into ducts which carry to destination

Ex- digestive enzymes, sweat glands, saliva

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29
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine cells and transported by blood

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30
Q

Inside or outside of what- endocrine vs. eco

A

The bloodstream

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31
Q

Anatomy of endocrine- classic glands

A

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes

Produce hormones to carry out regulatory process

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32
Q

What do glands have in common

A

Structural aspects (endocrine/ex)— difference is where they’re secreted

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33
Q

Recently discoverer

A

Other structures that can produce hormones, not just endocrine

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34
Q

Skin

A

Produces hormone/ steroid- vitamin D, secondary to protection- calcitriol

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35
Q

Lungs

A

Angiotensin- blood pressure

36
Q

Heart

A

AMP- control sodium level and fluid and BP

37
Q

Processes that endocrine work on- ongoing

A

Processes that last years/ entire lifespan-growth, reproduction, metabolism, water and electrolyte regulation

Issues here may lead to death

38
Q

Functions- help control and integrate

A

Reproduction-28 day cycle ( controlled by hormone)
Growth- 18-22 yr (hormonal bone growth)
Development
Defense against stress- stress response (thyroid)
Water, electrolyte and nutrient balance-cardio/kidney- control loss/gain of water and electrolytes
Energy balance
Cellular metabolism

39
Q

Endocrine system helps to maintain homeostasis by

A

Coordinating and regulating activities of cells, tissues, organs and systems throughout the body

40
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system

A 
Water balance
Uterine contractions 
Growth, metabolism, milk secretion
Ion regulation
Heart rate and BP regulation
Blood glucose control
Immune system regulation
Reproduction function control
41
Q

Nervous system may detect a need tis system carries it out

A

Endocrine

42
Q

Parts of endocrine system

A

All depend on eachother

- glands, hormones, target cell, receptors

43
Q

How do hormones work?

A

All work on same premise

Endocrine cell— secretes hormone— gets in to blood stream—- travels—- leaves blood stream and finds cell (target cell) —- hormone has to bind to receptor to be effective

44
Q

Hormone receptor specificity

A

Lock and key theory

Each molecule has own 3 dimension aspect that correspond to receptor. This allows them to bind

45
Q

Hormone receptor complex

A

Allows hormone and receptor to bind. Once complete this alters the function of the cell

Generally increase ( excitatory)or decrease ( inhibitory)

46
Q

Hormones can be created in a lab?

A

True- as long as they fit the receptor, hormones can be created

47
Q

Epinephrine

A

Hormone that causes less mucous to be created

Lab created decongestant- sudeph

48
Q

Hormones can be blocked

A

Meds that block the receptor- attach to receptor to block hormone from binding

49
Q

Beta Blocker’s

A

Lab created med to attach to receptor to block hormone from binding

50
Q

For hormones to work

A

They have to be secreted and able to interact with a specific (target) cell

51
Q

What is a target cell

A

Specific cell affected by hormone and responses in unique fashion

Cells have specific receptors on membrane or in cell that respond to hormone

Can have receptors for several different hormones

52
Q

Target cell active receptors can change

A

Down regulation- number of receptors decreases and target is less sensitive

Up regulation - number increase and target is more sensitive

53
Q

Will non target cells respond to a hormone?

A

No non target cell lacks receptor for hormone

54
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Secretes TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone— only receptor is thyroid gland— activates only target- thyroid

55
Q

All hormones interact with receptor- what how and where they interact are specific variables

A

Chemical nature cones in to play here

56
Q

Steroid hormone

A

Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

Derived from 1 group of chemicals- cholesterol-one, steron in name

57
Q

Amine hormones- largest group- protein-

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine T3, T4

58
Q

Peptide hormone- protein

A

Oxytocin, vasopressin

59
Q

Protein hormone

A

Insulin, glucagon

60
Q

Glycoproteins - protein

A

LH, FSH

61
Q

Eicosanoid hormones

A

Prostaglandins

Lipid derived from fatty acid ( arachidonic)
Long fatty acid

20 carbons

62
Q

Classifying hormones

A

Response, organs they respond to, functions in common, chemical make up (what we are focusing on here)

63
Q

Protein hormones are all what

A

Organic- meaning they have building blocks- made from amino acids

64
Q

Prostaglandins ( eicosanoids)functions

A 
Modify response to hormone
Contribute to inflammation response
Prevent stomach ulcers 
Dilate airways 
Regulate body temp
Influence formation of blood clots
65
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Allergy and inflammatory response

66
Q

Eicosanoids function

A

Exert complex control over many bodily system ( inflammation, immunity, messengers is CNS

Found in most living things

Local hormones that are released by most cells, act in thst cell or nearby cell

67
Q

Eicosanoids are what

A

Autocrine and paracrine mediators- rapidly inactivated

68
Q

Forms of hormone in the circulation

A

Free molecules and bound molecules

69
Q

Free molecules

A

Unbound

Water soluble hormone

70
Q

Bound molecules

A

Water insoluble hormones

Bound with specific globulins or transport protein such as albumin

Cortisol binding globulin and thyroid binding globulin

71
Q

How do hormones act on target cell’s

A

Lipid based hormones

Protein based hormone

72
Q

Lipid based hormone — steroids

A

Hydrophobic and lipid-soluble

Diffuse across membrane and enter cells

Bind to receptor proteins and cytoplasm and nucleus

Bind to DNA as transcription factor

73
Q

Protein based hormone- amino acidic

A

Hydrophilic and not lipid soluble

Can’t diffuse across membrane

Trigger secondary messenger pathway

Activate cellular response

Enzyme action uptake or secretion of molecules

Trigger secondary messenger pathway

74
Q

How they dissolve in material

A

Protein- dissolve in water

Amino acids- not water soluble

75
Q

Target cells have what

A

Cell membrane- made of phospolipid bilayers

76
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

Used by steroid- lipid based hormone

In cytoplasm- aka cytoplasmic receptor

77
Q

Protein hormone- outside cell

A

Use cell membrane receptor/ plasma membrane receptors

Cannot get I to cell

78
Q

Location of receptor determines what?

A

What hormones it interacts with

And how hormones alter the functioning of the cell

79
Q

Intracellular receptors- how they do their job

Largest group- steroids

A

Gland secretes hormone into bloodstream— transports protein (carrier)—- (bound hormone)— detaches from transport protein (free) —-reach destination, unhook from transport protein up to cell membrane— diffuse cell membrane— once inside it attaches to receptor—- receptor shuttles hormone to nucleus (chromosomes/ dna-genes)—- once inside looking for gene on the dna—- once it finds, the hormone (steroid) attaches to the gene— this activated the gene— this activates protein synthesis)

Only the free hormone can enter the cell

80
Q

Gene

A

Structure in DNA responsible for a trait- traits are based in chemistry

81
Q

Protein synthesis

Transcription and translation

A
  1. Gene active , gene has to copy if self- made of messenger RNA ( transcription- this process).
  2. RNA Leaves cell and attaches to ribosomes (work bench) — new protein (translation)
82
Q

Proteins work through what

A

Second messenger system-

Travels through blood- these dissolve in blood- leaves stream and migrates to cell- receptor attached to cell membrane- hormone binds and makes hormone receptor complex— once hormone bonds it activates a G protein —- G protein activates adenlayte Cyclase( converses ATP to cAMP) cAMP- controls chemical reactivity in cell. Cell response is altered.

83
Q

Signal transduction

A

Process that occurs after a hormone binds to a receptor

An intracellular signal is generated(second messenger) which delivers the hormonal message

Amplifies the original signal converting substrate molecules to products ( snowball effect) Turning 1 into millions

84
Q

cAMP has to be removed- how?

A

Enzyme - PDE- inactivates ( once activated) cAMP- steps. Helical reaction in cell, allows cell to return to resting level

85
Q

PDE how it works

A

Degrade phosphodiester bond in the second messenger cAMP and cGMP

PDE important regulators of signal transduction mediated by these second messenger molecules

PDE usually referred to as cyclic nucleotide phosphodisterases which have great clinical implications

PDE family; 11 isoenzyme families (PDE 1- PDE 11) with over 50 isoforms

86
Q

PDE inhibitors

A

Don’t allow PDE to activate

87
Q

Control PDE and we control

A

Control response of cell, by second messengers - enhance or lock certain activities to treat certain disorders

A&P II (11 decks)

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