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A&P II > Ch 18 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch 18 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system-

A 
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland 
Pancreas
Ovary
Testes
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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Ability to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment

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3
Q

Control system

A

System that coordinates, regulates and controls things within body

Nervous and endocrine are control system of body

All other systems are maintenance systems

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4
Q

Endocrine system do what

A

Release chemical messengers in blood ( carried by blood) aka hormone— attach to receptor to turn on or off

Communication process (hormonal) chemical messengers

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5
Q

Endocrine

A

Endocrine gland- hormone carried by blood- receptor proteins

Slow to respond but lasts longer
Lock and key system

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6
Q

Nervous system

A

Direct phone line- fast response, short lived

Neurotransmitter- axon- receptor protein

Neurotransmitter released by neurons

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7
Q

Neutransmitter and hormones can

A

In some instances swap places

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8
Q

Motor (effects)means

A

Getting an organ to do something

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9
Q

Primary endocrine organs main function

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, ovaries, texture, placenta

A

To secrete hormone

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10
Q

Secondary endocrine organs/structures secrete hormones as

Hearts, stomach, liver, kidney, small intestine, skin

A

A secondary function, not main job

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11
Q

Glands

No major sensory component to endocrine system- not very capable of detecting stimulus. Can’t detect, can’t correct

A

release product to bloodstream directly

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12
Q

Hormones

A

Products deliver messages to body

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13
Q

Target cells

A

Have a specific receptor for specific hormone

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14
Q

Receptor

A

A protein found on the plasma membrane of a target cell that recognizes a specific hormone and can trigger a change in a cell

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15
Q

Nervous

A

Network of receptors that detect stimuli, send info to control (brain/spine), sends info to effector ( endocrine glands)

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16
Q

Maintain homeostasis

A

Detect stimulus- only nervous can detect these stimuli-

Activate nervous system via receptors sending info to brain

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17
Q

Endocrine system relies on

A

Sensory capabilities of nervous

Work as a team

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18
Q

Neuroendocrine response/ system

A

Combo of nervous and endocrine- due to close association

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19
Q

Neural control centers in the brain control

A

Endocrine glands

Nervous sends impulse to endocrine gland, gland releases hormone to coordinate function

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20
Q

Main neural control center is the

A

Hypothalamus aka master switchboard

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21
Q

Hypothalamus sends messages to what gland

A

Pituitary

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22
Q

Pituitary gland does what

A

Release hormones that regulate body functions

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23
Q

Suspended from hypothalamus by a thin stalk

A

Pituitary gland

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24
Q

Nervous and endocrine systems work together to carry out

A

Homeostatic responses

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25
Endocrine
Sets control capabilities with hormones to coordinate and carry out effects by sending out chemicals. Homeostatic response- activate/ inhibit network of cells
26
Crine (glands)
To secrete
27
Endocrine gland- within blood
Ductless that produce hormones and secrete them into blood Secrete directly into bloodstream
28
Exocrine glands - outside - never enter blood
Glands that secrete its products into ducts which carry to destination Ex- digestive enzymes, sweat glands, saliva
29
Hormone
Chemical messengers produced by endocrine cells and transported by blood
30
Inside or outside of what- endocrine vs. eco
The bloodstream
31
Anatomy of endocrine- classic glands
Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes Produce hormones to carry out regulatory process
32
What do glands have in common
Structural aspects (endocrine/ex)— difference is where they’re secreted
33
Recently discoverer
Other structures that can produce hormones, not just endocrine
34
Skin
Produces hormone/ steroid- vitamin D, secondary to protection- calcitriol
35
Lungs
Angiotensin- blood pressure
36
Heart
AMP- control sodium level and fluid and BP
37
Processes that endocrine work on- ongoing
Processes that last years/ entire lifespan-growth, reproduction, metabolism, water and electrolyte regulation Issues here may lead to death
38
Functions- help control and integrate
Reproduction-28 day cycle ( controlled by hormone) Growth- 18-22 yr (hormonal bone growth) Development Defense against stress- stress response (thyroid) Water, electrolyte and nutrient balance-cardio/kidney- control loss/gain of water and electrolytes Energy balance Cellular metabolism
39
Endocrine system helps to maintain homeostasis by
Coordinating and regulating activities of cells, tissues, organs and systems throughout the body
40
What are the functions of the endocrine system
``` Water balance Uterine contractions Growth, metabolism, milk secretion Ion regulation Heart rate and BP regulation Blood glucose control Immune system regulation Reproduction function control ```
41
Nervous system may detect a need tis system carries it out
Endocrine
42
Parts of endocrine system
All depend on eachother | - glands, hormones, target cell, receptors
43
How do hormones work?
All work on same premise Endocrine cell— secretes hormone— gets in to blood stream—- travels—- leaves blood stream and finds cell (target cell) —- hormone has to bind to receptor to be effective
44
Hormone receptor specificity
Lock and key theory Each molecule has own 3 dimension aspect that correspond to receptor. This allows them to bind
45
Hormone receptor complex
Allows hormone and receptor to bind. Once complete this alters the function of the cell Generally increase ( excitatory)or decrease ( inhibitory)
46
Hormones can be created in a lab?
True- as long as they fit the receptor, hormones can be created
47
Epinephrine
Hormone that causes less mucous to be created Lab created decongestant- sudeph
48
Hormones can be blocked
Meds that block the receptor- attach to receptor to block hormone from binding
49
Beta Blocker’s
Lab created med to attach to receptor to block hormone from binding
50
For hormones to work
They have to be secreted and able to interact with a specific (target) cell
51
What is a target cell
Specific cell affected by hormone and responses in unique fashion Cells have specific receptors on membrane or in cell that respond to hormone Can have receptors for several different hormones
52
Target cell active receptors can change
Down regulation- number of receptors decreases and target is less sensitive Up regulation - number increase and target is more sensitive
53
Will non target cells respond to a hormone?
No non target cell lacks receptor for hormone
54
Pituitary gland
Secretes TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone— only receptor is thyroid gland— activates only target- thyroid
55
All hormones interact with receptor- what how and where they interact are specific variables
Chemical nature cones in to play here
56
Steroid hormone
Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone Derived from 1 group of chemicals- cholesterol-one, steron in name
57
Amine hormones- largest group- protein-
Epinephrine, norepinephrine T3, T4
58
Peptide hormone- protein
Oxytocin, vasopressin
59
Protein hormone
Insulin, glucagon
60
Glycoproteins - protein
LH, FSH
61
Eicosanoid hormones
Prostaglandins Lipid derived from fatty acid ( arachidonic) Long fatty acid 20 carbons
62
Classifying hormones
Response, organs they respond to, functions in common, chemical make up (what we are focusing on here)
63
Protein hormones are all what
Organic- meaning they have building blocks- made from amino acids
64
Prostaglandins ( eicosanoids)functions
``` Modify response to hormone Contribute to inflammation response Prevent stomach ulcers Dilate airways Regulate body temp Influence formation of blood clots ```
65
Leukotrienes
Allergy and inflammatory response
66
Eicosanoids function
Exert complex control over many bodily system ( inflammation, immunity, messengers is CNS Found in most living things Local hormones that are released by most cells, act in thst cell or nearby cell
67
Eicosanoids are what
Autocrine and paracrine mediators- rapidly inactivated
68
Forms of hormone in the circulation
Free molecules and bound molecules
69
Free molecules
Unbound Water soluble hormone
70
Bound molecules
Water insoluble hormones Bound with specific globulins or transport protein such as albumin Cortisol binding globulin and thyroid binding globulin
71
How do hormones act on target cell’s
Lipid based hormones Protein based hormone
72
Lipid based hormone — steroids
Hydrophobic and lipid-soluble Diffuse across membrane and enter cells Bind to receptor proteins and cytoplasm and nucleus Bind to DNA as transcription factor
73
Protein based hormone- amino acidic
Hydrophilic and not lipid soluble Can’t diffuse across membrane Trigger secondary messenger pathway Activate cellular response Enzyme action uptake or secretion of molecules Trigger secondary messenger pathway
74
How they dissolve in material
Protein- dissolve in water Amino acids- not water soluble
75
Target cells have what
Cell membrane- made of phospolipid bilayers
76
Intracellular receptors
Used by steroid- lipid based hormone In cytoplasm- aka cytoplasmic receptor
77
Protein hormone- outside cell
Use cell membrane receptor/ plasma membrane receptors Cannot get I to cell
78
Location of receptor determines what?
What hormones it interacts with | And how hormones alter the functioning of the cell
79
Intracellular receptors- how they do their job Largest group- steroids
Gland secretes hormone into bloodstream— transports protein (carrier)—- (bound hormone)— detaches from transport protein (free) —-reach destination, unhook from transport protein up to cell membrane— diffuse cell membrane— once inside it attaches to receptor—- receptor shuttles hormone to nucleus (chromosomes/ dna-genes)—- once inside looking for gene on the dna—- once it finds, the hormone (steroid) attaches to the gene— this activated the gene— this activates protein synthesis) Only the free hormone can enter the cell
80
Gene
Structure in DNA responsible for a trait- traits are based in chemistry
81
Protein synthesis Transcription and translation
1. Gene active , gene has to copy if self- made of messenger RNA ( transcription- this process). 2. RNA Leaves cell and attaches to ribosomes (work bench) — new protein (translation)
82
Proteins work through what
Second messenger system- Travels through blood- these dissolve in blood- leaves stream and migrates to cell- receptor attached to cell membrane- hormone binds and makes hormone receptor complex— once hormone bonds it activates a G protein —- G protein activates adenlayte Cyclase( converses ATP to cAMP) cAMP- controls chemical reactivity in cell. Cell response is altered.
83
Signal transduction
Process that occurs after a hormone binds to a receptor An intracellular signal is generated(second messenger) which delivers the hormonal message Amplifies the original signal converting substrate molecules to products ( snowball effect) Turning 1 into millions
84
cAMP has to be removed- how?
Enzyme - PDE- inactivates ( once activated) cAMP- steps. Helical reaction in cell, allows cell to return to resting level
85
PDE how it works
Degrade phosphodiester bond in the second messenger cAMP and cGMP PDE important regulators of signal transduction mediated by these second messenger molecules PDE usually referred to as cyclic nucleotide phosphodisterases which have great clinical implications PDE family; 11 isoenzyme families (PDE 1- PDE 11) with over 50 isoforms
86
PDE inhibitors
Don’t allow PDE to activate
87
Control PDE and we control
Control response of cell, by second messengers - enhance or lock certain activities to treat certain disorders

A&P II (11 decks)

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