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A&P II > Ch 18 Endocrine- Thyroid Via Pancreas > Flashcards

Ch 18 Endocrine- Thyroid Via Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid gland parts

A

Left lobe right lobe

Bridge-isthmus

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2
Q

Lobules

A

Makes up each lobe

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3
Q

Lobules made up of

A

Follicles - basic structure and function of thyroid gland

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4
Q

____ variety of hormone secreted from thyroid gland

A

Follicles

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5
Q

Follicles consist of

A

Follicular cells t3 and 4– majority of cells

Parafollicular cells- c cells- calcitonin

Colloids-liquid ( inactive thyroid hormone)

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6
Q

3 hormones produced by thyroid

A

T3 T4 (thyroxin) and calcitonin

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7
Q

What do the number (3/4) next toT represent in thyroid hormones t3 and t4

A

Designated number of iodine molecules attached to the hormone

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8
Q

The thyroid produces ___ of T4 but only ____ of t3 a day

A

T4- 80mg

T3- 5 mg

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9
Q

Which has greater biological activity, t3 or T4?

A

T3

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10
Q

A large amount of t3/T4 is converted to the other in peripheral tissue

A

T4-by removing an iodine on the target cell

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11
Q

Where does conversion of T4 to t3/ reverse t3 occur

A

Mainly liver and kidney

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12
Q

Hypothyroid is a lack of

A

Conversion of T4 to t3

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13
Q

Reverse t 3

A

Acts the sam as not enough hormone

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14
Q

In order for thyroid hormone to work you need

A

Iodine attached to molecule, creates functional hormone

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15
Q

T3 and T4 control

A

Metabolism of wide variety of cells in body

Something to do with cells ability to produce ATP

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16
Q

Cal organic effect

A

Effects of thyroid hormone

Heat , not food

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17
Q

More ATP produced the ____ the heat in the body, the higher metabolism

A

Higher

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18
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Causes metabolism to increase from ‘sleep’ to active

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19
Q

Thyroid activates the

A

Brain, increases alertness

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20
Q

CVS

A

Increases HR

BP

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21
Q

Thyroid hormone raises ____ to enhance awareness

A

Basal metabolic rate BMR

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22
Q

Metabolic effects

A

Glucose and it’s metabolic effects- why hyperthyroid lose weight quickly

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23
Q

Metabolic effect- protein synthesis

A

Wounds take longer to heal, slowedprotein production

Visual disturbance- difficulty converting b-carotene to vitamin A

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24
Q

Thyroid hormone stimulates almost all aspects of

A 
Carbohydrate metabolism 
- glucose cells
Glycolysis 
Absorption on gastrointestinal tract
Insulin secretion
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25
Q

Glucose has an effect on

A

Energy- ATP

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26
Q

Increase basal metabolic rate and ATP and you increase

A

Body temp

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27
Q

Calcitonin calcium deposit

A

Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone (taken from the blood)

Antagonist to parathyroid hormone

Produced by c- parafolliar cells

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28
Q

How is calcium regulated

A

Calcitonin has to be counteracted - parathyroid gland

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29
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid ( disc like)

Secrete parathyroid hormone PTH

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30
Q

____ cells produce PTH

A

Principal

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31
Q

Parathyroid cells contain 2 cell types

A

Principal cells, oxyphil cells ( function unknown)

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32
Q

PTH function

A

Maintain body CA and phosphate levels so nervous and muscular system can function properly

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33
Q

Parathyroid glands maintain CA and phosphate by secreting

A

Parathyroid hormone

34
Q

Parathyroid hormone has effects antagonistic to those of

A

Calcitonin

35
Q

Calcitonin job

A

Decrease blood CA

36
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases blood CA

37
Q

How does PTH increase CA in the blood I

A

Targets bone- osteoclasts ( put CA in blood), kidney( take from urine an out CA back in blood) and intestine(vitamin D) absorbs CA from food we eat

38
Q

Antagonistic hormones ( parathyroid and calcitonin)

A

Work together as a team

By working against eachother we balance CA levels in the blood

39
Q

What tissues are effected by low/high CA levels

A

Cardiac and skeletal

40
Q

Adrenal gland ( on top kidney)

A

.

41
Q

Hormones of adrenal glands

A

Cortex - secretes steroid hormone- glucocorticoid, mineralocrticoid, androgen

medulla ( amino acid secretion) catecholamines

42
Q

Adrenals gland

A

2 regions- adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex ( wraps around medulla) in

43
Q

Adrenal medulla produce

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

44
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine ( neurotransmitters) - fight or flight hormone -prepare body to deal with ____ term stress

A

Short

45
Q

____ system stimulates catecholamine release in fight or flight - increase HR, BP, glucose, RR

A

Sympathetic

46
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Core

47
Q

Adrenal cortex layers-3

A

Outer- glomerulosa

Fasiculata- largest layer

Reticularis- deep layer

Each zone produces its own hormone- corticosteroids- all derived from cholesterol

48
Q

Outer zone-

A

Mineral corticosteroids

49
Q

Middle

A

Glucocorticoid

50
Q

Reticularis

A

Androgens- testosterone derivative

51
Q

Aldosterone

A

Maintain electrolytes and fluid levels in the body- maintains extra cellular fluid- Na

52
Q

Low Na aldosterone increases production of what

A

Tells glands to absorb Na to put in blood stream

Increases water levels

53
Q

Aldosterone regulates: Add Na+

A

Excrete K decrease in to urine

54
Q

Aldosterone stimulates

A

Excretion of H+

55
Q

H+ is related to

A

Acids

56
Q

Aldosterone maintains

A

PH of blood and body fluids you not allowing hydrogen ions to build up by stimulating kids

57
Q

Fasciculata

A

Glucocorticoid- cortisol- cortisone

Blood sugar- increase to produce ATP

Anti stress hormone

Use glucose to produce energy
, decreases immune response
Anti inflammatory/ immune response

58
Q

Zone reticularis

A

Produces hormone- androgen- DHEA- testosterone- masculinity effects- facial hair, thicker bones, deeper voice - mood swings, hot flashes(women)

59
Q

Pancreas

A

Endo and exocrine functions

60
Q

Pancreas clusters of cells

A

Pancreatic eyelits- isle of langerhands

61
Q

Digestive ducts

A

Surround eyelits

62
Q

Cells of eyelit

A

Alpha- glucagon, beta- insulin, delta

F cell- pancreatic peptide

63
Q

Alpha produce

A

Glucagon

64
Q

Beta cells produce

A

Insulin

65
Q

Alpha and beta work antagonisticly to

A

Control blood sugar levels

66
Q

Glucagon- hormone

A

Hormone of starvation- increase blood sugar

Insulin decrease and increase in plasma glucagon that accompany overnight fast , fuel homeostasis shifts from energy storage to energy production

Primarily increasing blood sugar
(ATP)

Increase blood glucose, lipids (body stores), input in blood, providing energy for working cells

67
Q

Glucagon raises BS how?

A

Triggers processes:

Glycogenolysis breakdown of glycogen to glucose- activated by glucagon

Inhibition of glycogenesis- synthesis of glucose from non carb sources

Stimulation of glucogenisis

Stimulation of lipolysis- breakdown of fats

Stimulation of ketone formation

Stimulation of amino acid uptake

68
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage form of glucose

69
Q

Glucagon is a____\ hormone

A

Polypeptide

70
Q

Glucogenic amino acids

A

Glycero, pyruvate,lactate, intermediates of TCA cycle

Alanine, glycerol , acetyl COA, leucine, fatty acids

71
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone of storage

72
Q

Insulin

A

Triggers us to take chemicals and store them (glucose)

73
Q

Metabolic processes of insulin

A

Anabolic effects

Lowers blood sugar

Glycogenis- activates this- glucose converted to glycogen - store carbs

Triggers lipogenesis glucose converted to lipids and stored- excess carbs = weight gain

74
Q

Glucagon and insulin are what

A

Antagonist

75
Q

Glucagon triggers (catabolic)

A

Gluconeogenesis

Glycogenolysis

Lipolysis

Glycolysis

76
Q

Insulin triggers (anabolic)

A

Glycogenesis

Lipogenesis

77
Q

Gluconeogenesis ( glucagon)

A

Formation of glucose from excess amino acid fat and other non carb sources

78
Q

Glycogenolysis ( glucagon)

A

Process that converts glycogen to glucose

79
Q

Glycolysis ( glucagon)

A

Hydrolysis of glucose to Pyruvate

80
Q

Lipolysis (glucagon)

A

Catabolic degradation of triacylglycerol

81
Q

Glycogenesis (insulin) storage process

A

Formation of glycogen

82
Q

Lipogenesis- insulin- storage process

A

Formation of fat

A&P II (11 decks)

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