Ch 18 Endocrine- Thyroid Via Pancreas Flashcards
Thyroid gland parts
Left lobe right lobe
Bridge-isthmus
Lobules
Makes up each lobe
Lobules made up of
Follicles - basic structure and function of thyroid gland
____ variety of hormone secreted from thyroid gland
Follicles
Follicles consist of
Follicular cells t3 and 4– majority of cells
Parafollicular cells- c cells- calcitonin
Colloids-liquid ( inactive thyroid hormone)
3 hormones produced by thyroid
T3 T4 (thyroxin) and calcitonin
What do the number (3/4) next toT represent in thyroid hormones t3 and t4
Designated number of iodine molecules attached to the hormone
The thyroid produces ___ of T4 but only ____ of t3 a day
T4- 80mg
T3- 5 mg
Which has greater biological activity, t3 or T4?
T3
A large amount of t3/T4 is converted to the other in peripheral tissue
T4-by removing an iodine on the target cell
Where does conversion of T4 to t3/ reverse t3 occur
Mainly liver and kidney
Hypothyroid is a lack of
Conversion of T4 to t3
Reverse t 3
Acts the sam as not enough hormone
In order for thyroid hormone to work you need
Iodine attached to molecule, creates functional hormone
T3 and T4 control
Metabolism of wide variety of cells in body
Something to do with cells ability to produce ATP
Cal organic effect
Effects of thyroid hormone
Heat , not food
More ATP produced the ____ the heat in the body, the higher metabolism
Higher
Thyroid hormone
Causes metabolism to increase from ‘sleep’ to active
Thyroid activates the
Brain, increases alertness
CVS
Increases HR
BP
Thyroid hormone raises ____ to enhance awareness
Basal metabolic rate BMR
Metabolic effects
Glucose and it’s metabolic effects- why hyperthyroid lose weight quickly
Metabolic effect- protein synthesis
Wounds take longer to heal, slowedprotein production
Visual disturbance- difficulty converting b-carotene to vitamin A
Thyroid hormone stimulates almost all aspects of
Carbohydrate metabolism - glucose cells Glycolysis Absorption on gastrointestinal tract Insulin secretion
Glucose has an effect on
Energy- ATP
Increase basal metabolic rate and ATP and you increase
Body temp
Calcitonin calcium deposit
Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone (taken from the blood)
Antagonist to parathyroid hormone
Produced by c- parafolliar cells
How is calcium regulated
Calcitonin has to be counteracted - parathyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid ( disc like)
Secrete parathyroid hormone PTH
____ cells produce PTH
Principal
Parathyroid cells contain 2 cell types
Principal cells, oxyphil cells ( function unknown)
PTH function
Maintain body CA and phosphate levels so nervous and muscular system can function properly
Parathyroid glands maintain CA and phosphate by secreting
Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone has effects antagonistic to those of
Calcitonin
Calcitonin job
Decrease blood CA
Parathyroid hormone
Increases blood CA
How does PTH increase CA in the blood I
Targets bone- osteoclasts ( put CA in blood), kidney( take from urine an out CA back in blood) and intestine(vitamin D) absorbs CA from food we eat
Antagonistic hormones ( parathyroid and calcitonin)
Work together as a team
By working against eachother we balance CA levels in the blood
What tissues are effected by low/high CA levels
Cardiac and skeletal
Adrenal gland ( on top kidney)
.
Hormones of adrenal glands
Cortex - secretes steroid hormone- glucocorticoid, mineralocrticoid, androgen
medulla ( amino acid secretion) catecholamines
Adrenals gland
2 regions- adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex ( wraps around medulla) in
Adrenal medulla produce
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Norepinephrine and epinephrine ( neurotransmitters) - fight or flight hormone -prepare body to deal with ____ term stress
Short
____ system stimulates catecholamine release in fight or flight - increase HR, BP, glucose, RR
Sympathetic
Adrenal medulla
Core
Adrenal cortex layers-3
Outer- glomerulosa
Fasiculata- largest layer
Reticularis- deep layer
Each zone produces its own hormone- corticosteroids- all derived from cholesterol
Outer zone-
Mineral corticosteroids
Middle
Glucocorticoid
Reticularis
Androgens- testosterone derivative
Aldosterone
Maintain electrolytes and fluid levels in the body- maintains extra cellular fluid- Na
Low Na aldosterone increases production of what
Tells glands to absorb Na to put in blood stream
Increases water levels
Aldosterone regulates: Add Na+
Excrete K decrease in to urine
Aldosterone stimulates
Excretion of H+
H+ is related to
Acids
Aldosterone maintains
PH of blood and body fluids you not allowing hydrogen ions to build up by stimulating kids
Fasciculata
Glucocorticoid- cortisol- cortisone
Blood sugar- increase to produce ATP
Anti stress hormone
Use glucose to produce energy
, decreases immune response
Anti inflammatory/ immune response
Zone reticularis
Produces hormone- androgen- DHEA- testosterone- masculinity effects- facial hair, thicker bones, deeper voice - mood swings, hot flashes(women)
Pancreas
Endo and exocrine functions
Pancreas clusters of cells
Pancreatic eyelits- isle of langerhands
Digestive ducts
Surround eyelits
Cells of eyelit
Alpha- glucagon, beta- insulin, delta
F cell- pancreatic peptide
Alpha produce
Glucagon
Beta cells produce
Insulin
Alpha and beta work antagonisticly to
Control blood sugar levels
Glucagon- hormone
Hormone of starvation- increase blood sugar
Insulin decrease and increase in plasma glucagon that accompany overnight fast , fuel homeostasis shifts from energy storage to energy production
Primarily increasing blood sugar
(ATP)
Increase blood glucose, lipids (body stores), input in blood, providing energy for working cells
Glucagon raises BS how?
Triggers processes:
Glycogenolysis breakdown of glycogen to glucose- activated by glucagon
Inhibition of glycogenesis- synthesis of glucose from non carb sources
Stimulation of glucogenisis
Stimulation of lipolysis- breakdown of fats
Stimulation of ketone formation
Stimulation of amino acid uptake
Glycogen
Storage form of glucose
Glucagon is a____\ hormone
Polypeptide
Glucogenic amino acids
Glycero, pyruvate,lactate, intermediates of TCA cycle
Alanine, glycerol , acetyl COA, leucine, fatty acids
Insulin
Hormone of storage
Insulin
Triggers us to take chemicals and store them (glucose)
Metabolic processes of insulin
Anabolic effects
Lowers blood sugar
Glycogenis- activates this- glucose converted to glycogen - store carbs
Triggers lipogenesis glucose converted to lipids and stored- excess carbs = weight gain
Glucagon and insulin are what
Antagonist
Glucagon triggers (catabolic)
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
Glycolysis
Insulin triggers (anabolic)
Glycogenesis
Lipogenesis
Gluconeogenesis ( glucagon)
Formation of glucose from excess amino acid fat and other non carb sources
Glycogenolysis ( glucagon)
Process that converts glycogen to glucose
Glycolysis ( glucagon)
Hydrolysis of glucose to Pyruvate
Lipolysis (glucagon)
Catabolic degradation of triacylglycerol
Glycogenesis (insulin) storage process
Formation of glycogen
Lipogenesis- insulin- storage process
Formation of fat
