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A&P II > Ch 18 Endocrine- Thyroid Via Pancreas > Flashcards

Ch 18 Endocrine- Thyroid Via Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid gland parts

A

Left lobe right lobe

Bridge-isthmus

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2
Q

Lobules

A

Makes up each lobe

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3
Q

Lobules made up of

A

Follicles - basic structure and function of thyroid gland

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4
Q

____ variety of hormone secreted from thyroid gland

A

Follicles

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5
Q

Follicles consist of

A

Follicular cells t3 and 4– majority of cells

Parafollicular cells- c cells- calcitonin

Colloids-liquid ( inactive thyroid hormone)

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6
Q

3 hormones produced by thyroid

A

T3 T4 (thyroxin) and calcitonin

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7
Q

What do the number (3/4) next toT represent in thyroid hormones t3 and t4

A

Designated number of iodine molecules attached to the hormone

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8
Q

The thyroid produces ___ of T4 but only ____ of t3 a day

A

T4- 80mg

T3- 5 mg

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9
Q

Which has greater biological activity, t3 or T4?

A

T3

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10
Q

A large amount of t3/T4 is converted to the other in peripheral tissue

A

T4-by removing an iodine on the target cell

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11
Q

Where does conversion of T4 to t3/ reverse t3 occur

A

Mainly liver and kidney

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12
Q

Hypothyroid is a lack of

A

Conversion of T4 to t3

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13
Q

Reverse t 3

A

Acts the sam as not enough hormone

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14
Q

In order for thyroid hormone to work you need

A

Iodine attached to molecule, creates functional hormone

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15
Q

T3 and T4 control

A

Metabolism of wide variety of cells in body

Something to do with cells ability to produce ATP

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16
Q

Cal organic effect

A

Effects of thyroid hormone

Heat , not food

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17
Q

More ATP produced the ____ the heat in the body, the higher metabolism

A

Higher

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18
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Causes metabolism to increase from ‘sleep’ to active

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19
Q

Thyroid activates the

A

Brain, increases alertness

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20
Q

CVS

A

Increases HR

BP

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21
Q

Thyroid hormone raises ____ to enhance awareness

A

Basal metabolic rate BMR

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22
Q

Metabolic effects

A

Glucose and it’s metabolic effects- why hyperthyroid lose weight quickly

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23
Q

Metabolic effect- protein synthesis

A

Wounds take longer to heal, slowedprotein production

Visual disturbance- difficulty converting b-carotene to vitamin A

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24
Q

Thyroid hormone stimulates almost all aspects of

A 
Carbohydrate metabolism 
- glucose cells
Glycolysis 
Absorption on gastrointestinal tract
Insulin secretion
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25
Glucose has an effect on
Energy- ATP
26
Increase basal metabolic rate and ATP and you increase
Body temp
27
Calcitonin calcium deposit
Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone (taken from the blood) Antagonist to parathyroid hormone Produced by c- parafolliar cells
28
How is calcium regulated
Calcitonin has to be counteracted - parathyroid gland
29
Parathyroid gland
Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid ( disc like) Secrete parathyroid hormone PTH
30
____ cells produce PTH
Principal
31
Parathyroid cells contain 2 cell types
Principal cells, oxyphil cells ( function unknown)
32
PTH function
Maintain body CA and phosphate levels so nervous and muscular system can function properly
33
Parathyroid glands maintain CA and phosphate by secreting
Parathyroid hormone
34
Parathyroid hormone has effects antagonistic to those of
Calcitonin
35
Calcitonin job
Decrease blood CA
36
Parathyroid hormone
Increases blood CA
37
How does PTH increase CA in the blood I
Targets bone- osteoclasts ( put CA in blood), kidney( take from urine an out CA back in blood) and intestine(vitamin D) absorbs CA from food we eat
38
Antagonistic hormones ( parathyroid and calcitonin)
Work together as a team By working against eachother we balance CA levels in the blood
39
What tissues are effected by low/high CA levels
Cardiac and skeletal
40
Adrenal gland ( on top kidney)
.
41
Hormones of adrenal glands
Cortex - secretes steroid hormone- glucocorticoid, mineralocrticoid, androgen medulla ( amino acid secretion) catecholamines
42
Adrenals gland
2 regions- adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex ( wraps around medulla) in
43
Adrenal medulla produce
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
44
Norepinephrine and epinephrine ( neurotransmitters) - fight or flight hormone -prepare body to deal with ____ term stress
Short
45
____ system stimulates catecholamine release in fight or flight - increase HR, BP, glucose, RR
Sympathetic
46
Adrenal medulla
Core
47
Adrenal cortex layers-3
Outer- glomerulosa Fasiculata- largest layer Reticularis- deep layer Each zone produces its own hormone- corticosteroids- all derived from cholesterol
48
Outer zone-
Mineral corticosteroids
49
Middle
Glucocorticoid
50
Reticularis
Androgens- testosterone derivative
51
Aldosterone
Maintain electrolytes and fluid levels in the body- maintains extra cellular fluid- Na
52
Low Na aldosterone increases production of what
Tells glands to absorb Na to put in blood stream Increases water levels
53
Aldosterone regulates: Add Na+
Excrete K decrease in to urine
54
Aldosterone stimulates
Excretion of H+
55
H+ is related to
Acids
56
Aldosterone maintains
PH of blood and body fluids you not allowing hydrogen ions to build up by stimulating kids
57
Fasciculata
Glucocorticoid- cortisol- cortisone Blood sugar- increase to produce ATP Anti stress hormone Use glucose to produce energy , decreases immune response Anti inflammatory/ immune response
58
Zone reticularis
Produces hormone- androgen- DHEA- testosterone- masculinity effects- facial hair, thicker bones, deeper voice - mood swings, hot flashes(women)
59
Pancreas
Endo and exocrine functions
60
Pancreas clusters of cells
Pancreatic eyelits- isle of langerhands
61
Digestive ducts
Surround eyelits
62
Cells of eyelit
Alpha- glucagon, beta- insulin, delta F cell- pancreatic peptide
63
Alpha produce
Glucagon
64
Beta cells produce
Insulin
65
Alpha and beta work antagonisticly to
Control blood sugar levels
66
Glucagon- hormone
Hormone of starvation- increase blood sugar Insulin decrease and increase in plasma glucagon that accompany overnight fast , fuel homeostasis shifts from energy storage to energy production Primarily increasing blood sugar (ATP) Increase blood glucose, lipids (body stores), input in blood, providing energy for working cells
67
Glucagon raises BS how?
Triggers processes: Glycogenolysis breakdown of glycogen to glucose- activated by glucagon Inhibition of glycogenesis- synthesis of glucose from non carb sources Stimulation of glucogenisis Stimulation of lipolysis- breakdown of fats Stimulation of ketone formation Stimulation of amino acid uptake
68
Glycogen
Storage form of glucose
69
Glucagon is a____\ hormone
Polypeptide
70
Glucogenic amino acids
Glycero, pyruvate,lactate, intermediates of TCA cycle Alanine, glycerol , acetyl COA, leucine, fatty acids
71
Insulin
Hormone of storage
72
Insulin
Triggers us to take chemicals and store them (glucose)
73
Metabolic processes of insulin
Anabolic effects Lowers blood sugar Glycogenis- activates this- glucose converted to glycogen - store carbs Triggers lipogenesis glucose converted to lipids and stored- excess carbs = weight gain
74
Glucagon and insulin are what
Antagonist
75
Glucagon triggers (catabolic)
Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis Lipolysis Glycolysis
76
Insulin triggers (anabolic)
Glycogenesis Lipogenesis
77
Gluconeogenesis ( glucagon)
Formation of glucose from excess amino acid fat and other non carb sources
78
Glycogenolysis ( glucagon)
Process that converts glycogen to glucose
79
Glycolysis ( glucagon)
Hydrolysis of glucose to Pyruvate
80
Lipolysis (glucagon)
Catabolic degradation of triacylglycerol
81
Glycogenesis (insulin) storage process
Formation of glycogen
82
Lipogenesis- insulin- storage process
Formation of fat

A&P II (11 decks)

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