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A&P II > Ch 18 Endocrine - Pt 2 > Flashcards

Ch 18 Endocrine - Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Control of hormone secretion is regulated by whatever

A

Signals from nervous system, chemical change in the blood or by other hormones

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2
Q

Negative feedback control (most common) is what?

A

Decrease/ increase in blood level reversed

Body does opposite of what act is doing

Bodies response in direct opposition to stimulus

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3
Q

Positive feedback control is what?

A

Change produced by the hormone causes more hormone to be released

Stimulus and response enhance one another

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4
Q

Disorders involve…

A

Hyposecretion/hormone or hyper secretion/hormonal of a hormone

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5
Q

Hormone begins life where

A

On a gland

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6
Q

What is a hormones end destination

A

A target cell

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7
Q

We have to control amount of hormone

A

From secretion to target cell( by receptors)

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8
Q

3 mechanisms control hormone release

  1. Humoral
A
  • capillary blood contains low concentration of Ca2 which stimulates

Secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by parathyroid gland

Chemical content of bodily fluid

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9
Q

…mechanism to control hormone

  1. Neural
A
  • preganglioinic SNS fibers stimulate adrenal medulla cells

To secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

Neurological- reflex it

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10
Q

… mechanical control of hormone release

  1. Hormonal
A
  • hypothalamus secretes hormones that…

Stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones

Hormone controlling another hormone

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11
Q

3 mechanical controls of hormone release

A

All 3 aide in feedback control

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12
Q

Feedback control of hormone secretion - Negative feedback

A

Prevents over activity of hormone system

The control variable is often not the secretory rate of the hormone itself but the degree of activity of the target tissue

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13
Q

Feedback regulation of hormones can occur where

A

All levels- gene transcription and transplation steps involved in processing the hormone or releasing stored hormone

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14
Q

HPA axis ( hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis) is equal to what

A

Complex negative feedback

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15
Q

Not every hormone is controlled by every feedback mechanism ( positive/negative)- true or false

A

True

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16
Q

Thyroid hormone uses what feedback control?

A

Negative

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17
Q

Oxytocin- labor

A

Utilizes positive feedback back response

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18
Q

Negative feedback control allows us to control what

A

Timing and quantity

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19
Q

By controlling production

A

We control the quantity produced

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20
Q

By controlling secretion we control

A

The amount that is released/ circulated

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21
Q

Each mechanism- humoral, neural, hormonal

A

Uses a feed back loop (positive/negative)

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22
Q

Factors affecting response of target cells to hormones

A

Concentration of the hormone

Number of receptors

Duration of exposure

Intracellular conditions such as conc. Of rate-limiting enzymes, substrate or cofactors

Antagonistic or synergistic hormones

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23
Q

Target cells

A

Carry out homeostatic process

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24
Q

By controlling receptors on targets cells we control

A

Intensity of hormonal action and biochemical reactivity within target cell

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25
Q

Receptor control is called

A

Receptor regulation

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26
Q

Up regulation ( receptor regulation)

A

Cell increase the quantity of cellular components

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27
Q

Down regulation ( receptor regulation)

A

Cell decrease the quantity of cellular component in response to external variables

Decrease cell sensitivity to a hormone

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28
Q

This regulation increase cell sensitivity

A

Up regulation

Increases cell sensitivity to hormone

Stimulus causes number of receptor for a hormone to increase within target cell

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29
Q

What cell produces hormone with in a cell

A

Secretory cells

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30
Q

More receptors available on a receptor cell means what

A

Hyper reaction, intent reaction

31
Q

Are effects of hormones the exact same day to day or can they differ?

A

They can differ

32
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Found in brain, projection off of hypothalamus

33
Q

Within the pituitary ( hypothalamus $

A

Nervous system has direct control over endocrine system

34
Q

Hypothalamus to pituitary gland interaction is called

A

Hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA)

35
Q

Pituitary gland is made of 2 parts

A

Anterior pituitary (adenohypothisis) - actual gland

Posterior pituitary ( neurohypothisis)- made of neurons

2 separate structures

36
Q

How does hypothalamus communicate with pituitary

A

Posterior- impulses( action potential) originate in hypothalamus— travel down axon to posterior- triggers hormones to hormone be released — neurons travel— neurological

37
Q

Hypothalamic pituitary tract

A

Group of axon (neuron)- begin in hypothalamus and end in posterior pituitary

38
Q

How does hypothalamus communicate Anterior pituitary

A

Secretes hormone to blood stream, to anterior pituitary and cells are stimulated

39
Q

Anterior and posterior communication

A

Requires vascular connections

40
Q

Infundibulum

A

Where hypothalamus and pituitary connect— connection structure

Tracts travel through

41
Q

Hypothalamic pituitary portal system

A

Vascular connection between anterior and posterior pituitary

42
Q

What is a Portal system ( standard circulatory system)

A

Specialized vascular system

Standard ;Heart into arteries into capillaries into veins back to heart

Portal; heart to arteries to capillaries to veins to capillaries to second vein then back to heart— blood vessel that begins in capillaries and ends in capillaries

43
Q

Capillaries start in and end in

A

Arteries , veins

44
Q

Portal system is an open or closed system?

A

Closed- blood within portal system doesn’t circulate into body- direct vascular communication between hypothalamus to anterior pituitary. Target cells go direct

45
Q

Hypothalamus acts like what with the anterior pituitary

A

Endocrine gland

46
Q

Hypothalamus produces hormones true or false

A

True- they control anterior pituitary, that also produces hormones

47
Q

Tropic hormones- produced by hypothalamus

A

Stimulate or inhibit hormone secretion

48
Q

Tropic hormone- Releasing hormones

A

Those that stimulate

49
Q

Tropic hormone- inhibiting hormone

A

Those that slow secretion

50
Q

At least ______tropic hormones are made by hypothalamus

A

9- these controlTSH, FH, LH, FSH, ACTH, and prolactin

51
Q

Anterior is made up of ___types of cells

A

5

52
Q

Cells within anterior pituitary

A

Trophic cells

53
Q

5 groups of trophs

A

1 somatotroph- growth hormone- bones,muscles

  1. Lactotroph - PRL- mammory
  2. Corticotrophs - ACTH- adrenal cortex
  3. Thyrotroph- TSH- thyroid
  4. Gonadotroph- gonads- FSH, LH
54
Q

Growth hormone

A

Primary job is to grow Lean tissue

Effects: stimulates epiphyseal plates in bones

Causes muscles to enlarge

Tiggers growth factors— thee trigger the growth plates

55
Q

Prolactin

A

Job is to travel to mammory glands, causing them to produce milk

56
Q

ACTH

A

Works on adrenal cortex( outer layers)release cortisol and aldosterone (steroids)— releases from anterior pituitary- glands on top kidneys- controls levels of steroids

57
Q

TSH

A

Stimulates thyroid gland, releasing thyroid hormone-t3 and t4 ( numbers indicate iodine molecules)

58
Q

FSH, LH

A

Gonads

Work on testes and ovaries. FSH targets follicles in ovary- triggers maturation steps

LH triggers- releasing process (ovulation)

59
Q

LH and FSH in male

A

FSH- testes- works on cells ( sertoli)— spermatogenisis- producing sperm ( reproductive cell)

LH- leydig cell- testosterone synthesis- this gives bigger stature, deep voice etc

60
Q

All trophs

A

Do not release hormones unless signaled by hypothalamus

61
Q

Anterior pituitary _____ do anything unless hypothalamus tells it to

A

Doesn’t

62
Q

Hypothalamus hav_____ that produce and release hormones much like NT are released

A

Neurons

63
Q

Releasing and inhibiting ____ the anterior pituitary

A

Control

64
Q

How growth hormone release

A

In hypothalamus releases growth hormone releasing hormone—- goes to to anterior pituitary— somatotroph releases growth hormone- triggering growth of bone (spurt) —- after spurt hypothalamus releases growth hormone inhibiting hormone (shuts off anterior pituitary)

65
Q

Prolactin

A

Hypothalamus received signal of pregnancy and releases prolactin releasing hormone- activates mammory glands (milk production)

Turned off/on- hypothalamus releases prolactin inhibiting hormone, shuts off production in anterior pituitary

66
Q

Gonadotroph

A

Hypothalamus- produce- gonadotroph releasing— LH and FSH-

67
Q

TRH- hypothalamus releases

A

Anterior pituitary releases TSH- thyroid gland—- releases TSH

68
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Hypothalamus—- CRH —- anterior pituitary— releases ACTH- finds adrenal cortex- release of corticosteroids

69
Q

Control secretion

A

Control effects- target cells control receptor available

70
Q

Posterior pituitary produces hormones

A
  1. ADH- anti diuretic
  2. Oxytocin- pregnancy

Produced and released in anterior pituitary

71
Q

Tracts

A

Begin in thalamus, end in posterior pituitary

72
Q

How do you shut off anterior pituitary

A

Neuronal impulse

73
Q

ADH

A

Anti diuretic hormone- anti water loss-

Kidneys and skin- tells kidneys to produce less urine, retaining water

Skin- sweat glands — decreases sweat gland activity

Also targets blood vessels- water loss in blood, blood volume drops- leads to decrease in BP— vessels constrict — increasing BP

74
Q

Oxytocin - works through positive feedback

A

1 uterus
2 mammory glands

Looking for smooth muscle contraction (positive feedback)

Mammory cells produce milk - smooth muscle wraps around - when oxytocin finds smooth muscle is will cause construction - squeeze gland- forces milk out(milk let down reflex)

A&P II (11 decks)

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