ch 21: hexapoda

Question 1

hexapods live in freshwater and terrestrial environments but do hexapods live in salt w?

Answer 1

no

Question 2

3 tagmata

Answer 2

• head
• thorax
• abdomen

Question 3

appendages (3)

Answer 3

• 3 pairs of legs
• 1 pair of antennae
• most groups have wings (4)

Question 4

life history (2)

Answer 4

• sperm transferred via copulation

- F deposits eggs via ovipositor

Question 5

hexapod digestion (2)

Answer 5

• thru gut w/ specialization

- internal teeth for grinding

Question 6

hexapod excretory syst incl

Answer 6

malphigian tubules

Question 7

circ (2)

Answer 7

• open

- heart pumps hemolymph

Question 8

nervous system

Answer 8

brain w/ nerve cords and ganglia

Question 9

what are the mouthparts derived from

Answer 9

3 ancestral segments that fused to form the head

Question 10

mandibulate mouthparts

Answer 10

• for grabbing and chewing

- may be modified for fighting or grasping mates

Question 11

haustellate mouthparts

Answer 11

for sucking

Question 12

4 types of haustellate mouthparts

Answer 12

• stylets
• siphons/proboscis
• sponges
• chewing-lapping

Question 13

stylets

Answer 13

modified for piercing and sucking

Question 14

siphoning mouthparts/proboscis

Answer 14

sucking only

Question 15

sponging mouthparts

Answer 15

draw in food w/ adhesion/cohesion

Question 16

chewing-lapping mouthparts

Answer 16

well-developed mandibles, but maxillae and labium elongated and can form tube for sucking liq (bees)

Question 17

are wings appendages?

Answer 17

no

Question 18

what are wings

Answer 18

extensions of the exoskeleton

Question 19

wing vein funct (3)

Answer 19

• carry hemolymph
• contain trachea
• useful for taxonomy and phylogeny

Question 20

what are veins/trachea in the wings used for

Answer 20

unfurling when formed

Question 21

2 theories for wing formation

Answer 21

• wings began as tracheal gills

- wings began as paranotal lobes, or extensions of the exoskeleton/shoulder flaps

Question 22

how are wings moved?

Answer 22

by changing the shape of the thorax to drive wings up and down

Question 23

primitive wings

Answer 23

• 2 pairs of many-veined wings that cannot be folded up

- opposing beats

Question 24

4 things that show the trend towards action of wings as a single unit

Answer 24

• dec size of hind wing
• hind wings lost
• forewings not used in flight
• hind and forewings hooked together

Question 25

what is weird about Aphids, life history wise?

Answer 25

birth live young

Question 26

ametabolous development (2)

Answer 26

- juveniles resemble adults but lack repro structures | - in primitive wingless taxa

Question 27

hemimetabolous development (2)

Answer 27

- juveniles/nymphs resemble adults but lack repro structures and wings - eg. grasshoppers, true bugs, etc

Question 28

holometabolous development (2)

Answer 28

- 4 life stages (eggs, larva, pupa, adult) | - mosquitoes, lepidopterans, etc

Question 29

advantage to holometabolous development (2)

Answer 29

- occupy diff niches | - task allocation

Question 30

disadv of holometabolous development

Answer 30

metamorphosis requires lots of genes, and leaves pupa stage completely helpless

Question 31

diapause

Answer 31

seasonal delay in development

Question 32

the purpose of diapause

Answer 32

avoiding unfavourable conditions

Question 33

5 causes of diapause

Answer 33

- changes in gay length/temp - dessication - lack of food - crowding - host diapause

Question 34

adv of diapause (2)

Answer 34

- avoid unfavourable conditions | - allow synchronous emergence

Question 35

adv of syncronous emergence (2)

Answer 35

- repro | - saturating local predators

Question 36

order odanata (2)

Answer 36

dragonflies and damselflies

Question 37

odanata predation adaptations

Answer 37

- compound eyes | - excellent fliers

Question 38

weird thing about odanata "larvae"

Answer 38

may take several yrs to mature

Question 39

why do odanata have long mating rituals

Answer 39

to ensure spermatophore doesn't get replaced

Question 40

order orthoptera (3)

Answer 40

- katydids - grasshoppers - crickets

Question 41

orthopteran characteristics (3)

Answer 41

- forewings thickened and darkened - hemimetabolous development - herbivores

Question 42

order hemiptera

Answer 42

the true bugs

Question 43

hemiptera characteristics (2)

Answer 43

- stylet mouthparts tucked underneath | - hemimetabolous

Question 44

10 egs of true bugs

Answer 44

- bed bugs - water striders - giant w bugs - cicadia - predatory stink bug - backswimmer - water boatman - ant mimic - aphids - spittle bugs

Question 45

aphids life history (2)

Answer 45

- parthenogenic in summer | - winged adult m/f elsetime

Question 46

order diptera

Answer 46

flies

Question 47

4 characteristics of diptera

Answer 47

- holomet - large compound eyes - sponging mouthparts - one pair of wings, one pair of halteres

Question 48

order coleoptera

Answer 48

beetles

Question 49

which order of insects are the most successful

Answer 49

coleoptera

Question 50

eltyra

Answer 50

sclerotized forewings

Question 51

2 characteristics of coleoptera

Answer 51

- mandibulate mouthparts | - eltyra

Question 52

order lepidoptera

Answer 52

moths and butterflies

Question 53

lepidoptera characteristics (3)

Answer 53

- 2 pairs of large wings - covered in scales - agri crop prets

Question 54

adult lepi mouthparts

Answer 54

proboscis (sucking)

Question 55

lepi appendages (2)

Answer 55

- 3 pairs of thoracic legs | - up to 5 pairs of abdominal prolegs

Question 56

order hymenoptera (3)

Answer 56

- ants - bees - wasps

Question 57

hymenoptera characteristics (2)

Answer 57

- 2 pairs of wings | - constriction btwn thorax and abdomen