CH 21 Flashcards
Immune system
not an organ system, but a cell population that inhibits all organ and defends the body from agents of disease.
Lymphatic system
- fluid recovery
- immunity
- lipid absorption
Fluid recovery
fluid continually filters from the blood capillaries into the tissue spaces.
- blood capillaries absorb 85%
- 15% water and plasma proteins returned.
Immunity
excess fluid
- passes through lymph nodes where immune cells stand guard against foreign matter
- activate a protective immune response
Lipid absorption
Lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.
Lymph
clear, colorless fluid, similar to plasma, but much less protein.
(Like interstitial fluid)
Lymphatic capillaries (terminal lymphatics)
penetrate nearly every tissue in body.
- absent from CNS, cartilage, cornea, bone, and marrow.
- gaps big enough for bacteria and cells to enter.
endothelium creates valve like flaps that open when interstitial fluid pressure is high, and close when low.
Natural killer cells
large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, host cells infected with viruses or turned cancerous.
-immune surveillance
T lymphocytes (T cells)
mature in thymus
B lymphocytes (B cells)
Activation causes proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells the produce antibodies
-mature in bone marrow
Macrophages
(leukocytes)
- phagocytize tissue debris, dead neutrophils, bacteria, and other foreign matter.
- process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments to certain T cells alerting the immune system to the presence of the enemy.
- antigen-presenting cells (APC’s)
Dendritic cells
alter the immune system to pathogens that have breached their surface (within a certain tissue)
Reticular cells
Branched stationary cells that contribute to the storm of a lymphatic organ.
-act as APC’s in thymus where they stay
Lymphatic tissue
prevalent in body passages open to the exterior
-respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
Mucose-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
open to outside, where pathogens get through`
Lymphatic nodules (follicles)
Peyer patches:
constant feature of the lymph nodes, tonsils, and appendix
dense clusters in the ileum, the distal portion of the small intestine. (big lymph nodes)
Primary lymphatic organs
- red bone marrow and thymus
- site where T and B cells become immunocompetent: able to recognize and respond to antigens
Secondary lymphatic organs
- lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen
- immunocompetent cells populate these tissues
Thymus
member of the endocrine, lymphatic and immune systems. (very active when young)
-Houses developing T cells,
-secretes hormones regulating their activity
-degeneration or involution with age.
(immune response less responsive)
_________ cells seal off cortex from medulla forming _______ barrier
produce?
reticular epithelial cells
blood-thymus barrier
-signaling molecules thymosin, thymopoietin, thymulin, interleukins, interferon. 2%
Lymph nodes
functions:
most numerous lymphatic organs.
-about 450 in young adult
cleanse lymph
act as site of T and B cell activation
(mostly around mucous membranes and orifaces)
Cervical lymph nodes
monitor lymph coming from head and neck
Axillary lymph nodes
receive lymph from upper limb and female breast
Thoracic lymph nodes
receive lymph from mediastinum, lungs, and airway.
Abdominal lymph nodes
monitor lymph from the urinary and reproductive systems
intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes
in the groin and receive lymph from the entire lower limb
popliteal lymph nodes
receive lymph from the leg proper
When a lymph node is under challenges by and antigen:
- lymphadenitis: swollen, painful, movable node responding to foreign antigen.
- Lymphadenopathy: collectively term for all lymph node diseases.
stuck and painless= cancer
moveable and painful= fighting infection
Metastasis
cancer cells break free from the original, primary tumors, travel to other sites of the body, and establish new tumors.
- can easily enter lymphatic vessels.
- do not have CAM’s so they can move.they remove lymph nodes downstream.
Tonsils
patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx.
- guard against ingested orr inhales pathogens
- tonsillitis or tonsillectomy
3 main sets of tonsils
palatine- most often infected
lingual- pair at root of tongue
pharyngeal- single tonsil on wall of nasopharynx
Spleen
-functions
the bodies largest lymphatic organ.
- blood production in fetus
- blood reservoir (platelets)
- erythrocyte gravyard: RBC disposal.
highly vascular and vulnerable to trauma and infection
-ruptured requires splenectomy
Pathogens
environmental agents capable of producing disease,
-infectious organisms, toxic chemicals, and radiation.
first line of defense against pathogens
external barriers, skin, and mucous membranes, lacrimal fluid, saliva, defecation, urination, coughing, sneezing. IgA antibodies, gastric juice.
stomach= hydrochloric acid pH 2%
Second line of defense
severe non specific defense mechanisms.
- neutrophils and macrophages, complement, NK’s, eosinophils, interferon, inflammation, and fever.
- effective against a broad range of pathogens.
Third line of defense
the immune system
- defeats a pathogen, and leaves the body with a “memory” of it so it can defeat it in the future
- lymphocytes (dead if they get through)
skin
make sit difficult for microorganisms to enter body.
- toughness of keratin
- too dry and nutrient poor for microbial growth.
- defensins
- acid mantle
- commensal flora
Defensins:
acid mantle:
peptides that kill microbes by creating hole in their membranes.
thin film of lactic acid, fatty acids, which inhibits bacterial growth.
mucous membranes
digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts are open and protected by these.
- mucous traps microbes
- LYSOZOME: enzyme destroys bacterial cell walls (IgA, commensal flora)
Subepithelial areolar tissue
viscous barrier of hyaluronic acid.
-hyaluronidase- enzyme used by pathogens to make hyaluronic acid less viscous.
Phagocytes
phagocytic cells witch a voracious appetite for foreign matter
5 types of leukocytes (2nd line)
neutrophils eosinophils basophils monocytes lymphocyte
Neutrohil
- produce a cloud of bactericidal chemicals
- first to arrive to bacterial infection
- create killing zone
(degranulation) - lysosomes discharge into tissue fluid.
Killing zone: respiratory burst
toxic chemicals
neutrophils rapidly absorb oxygen.
O2, H2O2, HCIO
-kill more bacteria with toxic chemicals than phagocytosis
Eosinophils
- especially in mucous membranes.
- stand guard against multicellular PARASITE, ALLERGENS, and other pathogens.
- kill worms by making superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and toxic proteins
- Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
- limit HISTAMINE and other inflammatory chemicals.
Basophils
Leukotrienes:
Histamine:
Heparin:
Mast cells
secrete chemicals that aid mobility and action of other leukocytes.
activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils
a vasodilator, which increases blood flow. (speeds delivery of leukocytes to the area)
inhibits clot formation (anticoagulant) (impede leukocyte mobility)
also secrete these, type of CT cell very similar to basophils.
wandering macrophages
actively seeking pathogens.
-widely distributed in loose CT
Fixed macrophages
microglia found in___
alveolar macrophages in___
Hepatic microphages in _____
phagocytize only pathogens that come to them.
Brain (CNS)
lungs
liver
What are the two families of antimicrobial proteins?
interferons
complement system
interferons
secreted by certain cells infected by viruses.
- no benefit to cell came from
- alert neighboring cells and protect (paracrine hormone)
- bind to surface receptors of near cells (activate second messenger systems)
- activate NK cells and macrophages
- NK cells destroy malignant cells
Complement system
activated complement brings about 4 methods of pathogen destruction:
3 routes of complement activation
a group of 30 or more globular proteins that make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistance and specific immunity.
-synthesized mainly by liver,
inflammation, immune clearance, phagocytosis, cytolysis.
classical pathway, alternative pathway