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Anatomy 232 > CH 16 > Flashcards

CH 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptor

A

a structure specialized to detect a stimulus.

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2
Q

Sense organs

Accessory tissues may include:

A

nerve tissue surrounded by other tissues that enhance response to a certain type of stimulus.

-added epithelium, muscle, or connective tissue.

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3
Q

Transduction

A

the conversion of one form of energy to another.

  • conversion of stimulus energy (light, heat, touch, sound, etc.) into nerve signals.
  • ex’s: sense organ or gasoline engine.
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4
Q

Sensation

A

a subjective awareness of the stimulus.
-Most sensory signals delivered to the CNS produce no conscious sensation.
(pH and body temp require no conscious awareness)

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5
Q

Sensory receptors transmit 4 kinds of info:

A
  • modality
  • location
  • intensity
  • duration
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6
Q

Modality

A

type of stimulus or the sensation it produces.

-vision, hearing, taste.

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7
Q

Labeled line code

A

all action potentials are identical. Each nerve pathway from the sensory cells to the brain is labeled to identify its origin, and the brain uses these labels to interpret what modality the signal represents.

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8
Q

Location

A

encoded by which nerve fibers are issuing signals to the brain.

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9
Q

receptive field

A

rea that detects stimuli for a sensory neuron.

  • vary in size- fingertip vs. skin on back.
  • TWO POINT DISCRIMINATION
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10
Q

Sensory projection

A

brain identifies site if stimulation.

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11
Q

Projection pathways

A

the pathways followed by sensory signals to their ultimate destination in the CNS.

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12
Q

Intensity

A

encoded in 3 ways

  • which fibers are sending signals.
  • how many fibers are doing so.
  • how fast these fibers are firing.
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13
Q

Duration

A

how long the stimulus lasts

-change in firing frequency over time.

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14
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

if stimulus is prolonged, the firing of the neuron gets slower over time, and we become less aware of the stimulus.

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15
Q

Phasic receptor

A

generat a burst of action potentials when first stimulated, then quickly adapt and sharply reduce or stop signaling even tough the stimulus continues.
-smell, hair movement, and cutaneous pressure.

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16
Q

Tonic receptor

A

adapt slowly, generate nerve signals more steadily

-proprioreceptors

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17
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

body position, muscle tension, and joint motion.

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18
Q

Classification of receptors by MODALITY

A

thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors.

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19
Q

classification of receptors by ORIGIN OF STIMULI

A
  • exteroreceptors: detect external stimuli.
  • interpreceptors: detect internal stimuli.
  • proprioceptors: sense body position and movements.
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20
Q

classification of receptors by DISTRIBUTION:

A
  • general senses: widely distributed.

- special senses: limited to head (vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste and smell)

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21
Q

Unencapsulated nerve endings

A

dendrites not wrapped in connective tissue

free nerve endings, tactile discs, hair receptors

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22
Q

free nerve endings

A
  • for pain and temp

- skin and mucous membrane.

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23
Q

tactile discs

A
  • for light touch and texture.

- associated with Merkel cells a base of epidermis.

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24
Q

hair receptors

A
  • wrap around base of hair follicle.

- monitor movement of hair

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25
Q

encapsulated nerve endings

A
  • dendrites wrapped by glial cells to CT
  • connective tissue enhances sensitivity or selectivity of response.

(tactile corpuscles, Krause end bulbs, lamellar corpuscles, bulbous corpuscles)

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26
Q

Tactile (messier) corpuscles

A
  • light touch and texture

- dermal papillae of hairless skin

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27
Q

Krause end bulbs

A

tactile; in mucous membranes

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28
Q

Lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles

A

Phasic

  • deep pressure, stretch, tickle, and vibration.
  • periosteum of bone, and deep dermis of skin.
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29
Q

Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles

A

Tonic

-heavy touch, pressure, joint movements, and skin stretching.

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30
Q

somatosensory projection pathways (SPP)

A

from the receptor to final destination in the brain, most somesthetic signals travel by way of 3 neurons.

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31
Q

First-order neuron (afferent) (SPP)

A
  • from body, enter the dorsal horn of spinal cord via spinal nerves.
  • from head, enter pons and medulla via cranial nerve.
  • touch, pressure, and proprioception on large, fast, myelinated axons.
  • heat and cold on small, unmyelinated, slow fibers.
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32
Q

Second-order neuron (SPP)

A
  • decussation to opposite side of spinal cord, medulla, or pons.
  • end in THALAMUS, except for proprioception, which ends in cerebellum.
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33
Q

third-order neuron

A

thalamus to primary somesthetic cortex of cerebellum

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34
Q

Pain

A

discomfort cause by tissue injury or noxious stimulation, and typically leading to evasive action.
-important since it helps protect us

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35
Q

diabetic neuropathy

A

lost in diabetes mellitus

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36
Q

Nociceptors (pain)

A

two types proving different pain sensations

  • fast pain
  • slow pain
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37
Q

fast pain

A

travels myelinated fibers at 12 to 30 m/s

sharp, localizza, stabbing pain perceived with injury

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38
Q

slow pain

A

travels unmyelinated fibers at 0.5 to 2 m/s.

longer-lasting, dull, diffuse feeling

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39
Q

somatic pain

A

from skin, muscles, and joints.

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40
Q

visceral pain

A

from the viscera

-streatch, chemical irritants, or ischemia of viscera (poorly localize) (fetal position)

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41
Q

Bradykinin

A

most potent pain stimulus known.

  • makes us aware of injury and activates cascade or reaction that promote healing.
  • histamine, prostaglandin, and serotonin also stimulate nociceptors.
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42
Q

Pain signals from head: first order neuron

A

cell bodies in dorsal and root ganglion of spinal nerves or cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X

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43
Q

Pain signals from head: second order neurons

A

decussate and send fibers up spinothalamic tract or through medulla to thalamus.
-gracile fasciculus carries visceral pain signals.

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44
Q

Pain signals from head: third order neurons

A

from thalamus reach post central gyrus of cerebrum

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45
Q

Pain signals from neck down

A

travel by way of three ascending tracts.

  • spinothalamic tract
  • spinoreticular tract
  • gracile fasciculus
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46
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

most significant pain pathway.

-carries most somatic pain signals.

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47
Q

Spinoreticular tract

A

carries pain signals to reticular formation.

-activate visceral, emotional, and behavioral reactions to pain.

48
Q

Gracile fasciculus

A

carries signals to the thalamus for visceral pain.

49
Q

Referred pain

A

pain in viscera often mistakenly thought to come from the skin or other superficial site.

  • results from convergence of neural pathways in CNS.
  • Brain “assumes” visceral pain is coming from skin. (brain cannot distinguish source)
  • heart pain felt in shoulder or arm because both send pain input to spinal cord segments T1 to T5.
50
Q

Analgesic (pain-relieving)

A

mechanisms of CNS just beginning to be understood.

-tied to receptor sites for opium, morphine, and heroin in the brain.

51
Q

Enkephalins

Endorphins and dynorphins:

A

two analgesic oligopeptides with 200 times the potency of morphine.

-larger analgesic neuropeptides discovered later.

52
Q

Endogenous opioids

A

internally produced opium like substances.

-enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins.

53
Q

CNS modulation of pain

A

secreted by the CNS, pituitary gland, digestive tract, and other organs.

54
Q

Neuromodulators

A

can block the transmission of pain signals and produce feelings of pleasure and euphoria.

55
Q

Spinal gating

A

stops pain signals at the posterior horn of the spinal cord.

  • descending analgesic fibers aride in brainstem.
  • travel down the spinal cord in the reticulospinal tract.
  • block pain signals from traveling up the cord to the brain.
56
Q

normal pain pathway

A
  • nociceptor stimulates second-orer nerve fiber.
  • substance P
  • second order fiber transmits signal up the spinothalamic tract tot he thalamus.
  • thalamus relays signals though third order neurons to the cerebral cortex where one becomes conscious of the pain.
57
Q

Another pathways of spinal gating

A

rubbing or massaging injury.
-rubbing stimulates mechanoreceptors which stimulates spinal interneurons to secrete enkephalins that inhibit second-order pain neurons

ICE?

58
Q

Gustation (taste)

A

4,000 taste buds mainly on tongue

-inside cheeks , and on soft paw;te, parynx, and epiglottis

59
Q

Lingual papillae

A
  • Filiform
  • foliate
  • fungiform (3)
  • vallate (circumvallate) (250)
60
Q

Filiform

A

no taste buds

  • important for food texture.
  • cats
61
Q

foliate

A

no taste buds

  • weakly developed in humans.
  • present in infants
62
Q

fungiform (3)

A

at tips and sides of tongue

63
Q

vallate (circumvallate) (250)

A

at rear of tongue

64
Q

taste cells

A

have a tuft of apical microvilli (taste hairs) that serve as receptor surface for taste molecules (tastants)

65
Q

taste pores

A

pit in which the taste hairs project

66
Q

taste hairs are ________ not neurons.

A

epithelial cells

67
Q

basal cells

A

stem cells that replace taste cells every 7 to 10 days

68
Q

produced by metal ions (sodium and potassium)

A

salty

69
Q

associated with carbohydrates and other foods of high caloric value

A

sweet

70
Q

acids such as in citrus fruits

A

sour

71
Q

associated with spoiled foods and alkaloids such as nicotine, caffeine, quinine, and morphine, (low threshold)

A

bitter

72
Q

“meaty” taste of amino acidic chicken or beef broth

A

Umami

73
Q

taste is influence by food texture, aroma, temperature, and appearance

A

frontal lobe

74
Q

mouth feel

A

detected by branches of lingual nerve in papillae

75
Q

hot peppers stimulates ______ (pain) not taste buds

A

free nerve endings

76
Q

regional differences in taste sensations on tongue

A

tip is most sensitive to sweet (licking, salivating), edges to salt and sour and rear to bitter.

77
Q

activate second messenger systems

A

sugars, alkaloids, and glutamate bind to receptors which activates G proteins and second messenger systems within the cell.

78
Q

depolarize cells directly

A

sodium and acids penetrate cells and depolarize directly

79
Q

______ nerve collects sensory info from taste buds over anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

facial

80
Q

______nerve from posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

glossopharyngeal

81
Q

______nerve from taste buds of plate, pharynx, and epiglottis.

A

vagus

82
Q

Spicy?

A

trigeminal nerve

-doesn’t decrease over time.

83
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

84
Q

all fibers reach ______ in medulla oblongata

A

solitary nucleus

-have to be able to salivate

85
Q

post central gyrus

A

parietal lobe

86
Q

amygdala

A

gratification & aversion

87
Q

olfactory cells

A
  • neurons
  • head bears 10 to 20 cilia (olfactory hairs)
  • binding sites for odorant molecules and nonmotile
  • basal end of each cell become axon
88
Q

axons collect into small fascicles and leave cranial cavity through the cribriform foramina in the _____bone

A

ethmoid

89
Q

fascicle are collectively regarded as cranial nerve ___

A

1

90
Q

olfactory receptors adapt ____

A

quickly

91
Q

some odorants act on nociceptors of the trigeminal nerve:

A

ammonia, menthol, chlorine, and capsaicin of hot peppers (smelling salts)
-stimulate pain receptors which stimulate RAS which stimulates cerebral cortex.

92
Q

dormitory effect

A

females that get on the same cycle

93
Q

ovulating women’s vaginal secretion contain pheromones called ______ , that have been shown to raise mens testosterone levels.

A

copulines

94
Q

secondary destinations

A

hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, insula, and oritofrontal cortes.
-identify odors, integrate smell with taste, perceive flavor, evoke memories and emotional responses

95
Q

hearing

A

a response to vibrating air molecules

-liquids, solids

96
Q

equilibrium

A

the sense of motion, body orientation, and balance.

97
Q

Sound

A

nay audible vibration of molecules

  • a vibrating object pushes on air molecules
  • air molecules hitting eardrum cause it to vibrate.
98
Q

Pitch

A

our sense of whether a sound is high or low.

  • determmined by frequency: cycles per second (hertz HZ)
  • speech is 1,500-5,000 Hz, hearing is most sensitive.
  • hearing loss with age is 250 to 2,050 Hz.
99
Q

infrasonic

A

frequencies below 20Hz (elephants)

100
Q

ultrasonic

A

frequencies above 20,000 Hz (bats)

101
Q

loudness

A

the perception of sound energy, intensity, or amplitude of the vibration,

  • decibels (dB)
  • prolonges exposure to sounds >90 dB can cause damage (cochlia-inner hair cells)
  • speech 60 dBs
102
Q

Outer ear

A
  • tympanic membrane (eardrum)
  • auricle (pinna)-funnels sound waves.
  • Auditory canal or external acoustic meatus: -guard hairs (keep stuff out) -cerumen(wax)

functions?

  • anti-microbial
  • water repellent
  • keeps tympanic membrane moist
103
Q

middle ear

A 
Tympanic membrane (eardrum) closes the inner end of the auditory canal.
-tympanic cavity: contains auditory ossicles.
104
Q

auditory (eustachian) tube

middle ear*

A

connects middle-ear cavity to nasopharynx.

  • opens when swallowing or yawning (planes)
  • eustachian tube
  • otits media
105
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

helps with transfer of mechanic energy.

  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
  • stapedius and tensor tympani muscles attach to stapes and malleus (metallica)
106
Q

Sound travels well through ____ more _____ the better.

A

solid; dense

107
Q

middle-ear infection

-otits media

A
  • fluid accumulates in tympanic cavity producing pressure, pain, and impacted hearing.
  • can spread leading to meningitis.
  • can cause fusion of ear ossicles and hearing loss.
  • children have shorter eustachian tubes.
  • Tympanostomy
108
Q

tympanostomy

A

lancing tympanic membrane and draining fluid from tympanic cavity.

109
Q

Bony labyrinth

A

passageways in temporal bone

110
Q

membranous labyrinth

  • filled with ENDOLYMPH
  • floating in PERILYMPH
A

fleshy tubes lining bony labyrinth

  • similar to intracellular fluid
  • similar to cerebral spinal fluid
111
Q

labyrinth

A

vestibule and 3 semicircular ducts

112
Q

cochlea

A

organ of hearing

113
Q

Scala vestibuli

A

superior chamber

  • filled with perilymph
  • begins at oval window and spirals to apex
114
Q

Scala tympani

A

inferior window

  • filled with perilymph
  • beings at apex and ends at round window
115
Q

scala media

A

triangular middle chamber

-filled with endolymph

116
Q

organ of corti

A

acoutic organ that converts vibrations into nerve impulses

Anatomy 232 (12 decks)

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