Ch. 2: The Evolution of Management Thinking

Question 1

What are the 3 forces in management and organization?

Answer 1

1. social
2. political
3. economic

Question 2

social forces

Answer 2

aspects of a culture that guide and influence relationships among people and shape the social contract

Question 3

political forces

Answer 3

the influence of political and legal institutions on people and organizations

Question 4

economic forces

Answer 4

the availability, production, and distribution of resources in a society

Question 5

What are 3 aspects of the classical perspective?

Answer 5

1. scientific management
2. bureaucratic organisations
3. administrative principles

Question 6

scientific management

Answer 6

scientifically determined jobs and mgmt. practices as a way to improve efficiency and labor productivity–very standardized

Question 7

bureaucratic organizations

Answer 7

a systematic approach that looks at the organization as a whole–continuity related to formal structure and positions rather than specific people

Question 8

6 ideas within bureaucratic organizations

Answer 8

1. division of labor, with clear definitions of authority and responsibility
2. positions organized in a hierarchy of authority
3. managers subject to rules and procedures that will ensure reliable, predictable behavior
4. mgmt. separate from the ownership of the org.
5. administrative acts and decisions recorded in writing
6. personnel selected and promoted based on technical qualifications

Question 9

administrative principles approach

Answer 9

focuses on the total organization rather than on the productivity of individual workers

Question 10

What are 5 basic functions or elements of management?

Answer 10

1. planning
2. organizing
3. commanding
4. coordinating
5. controlling

Question 11

humanistic perspective

Answer 11

emphasis is on the importance of understanding human behaviors, needs, and attitudes in the workplace as well as social interactions and group processes

Question 12

What are 3 ideas within the humanistic perspective?

Answer 12

1. human relations movement
2. human resources perspective
3. behavioral sciences approach

Question 13

human relations movement

Answer 13

truly effective control comes from within the individual worker rather than from strict, authoritarian control

Question 14

human resources perspective

Answer 14

combines prescriptions for design of job tasks with theories of motivation

Question 15

behavioral sciences approach

Answer 15

uses scientific methods and draws from sociology to develop theories about human behavior and interaction in an organizational setting

Question 16

3 concepts under Theory X

Answer 16

1. the average human being as an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible
2. people must be coerced, controlled, directed or threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort toward the achievement of organizational objectives
3. the average human being prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition and wants security above all

Question 17

6 concepts under Theory Y

Answer 17

1. the average human being doesn’t inherently dislike work
2. external control and the threat of punishment are not the only means for achieving organizational objectives
3. a person will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objectives to which he or she is committed
4. the average human being learns to accept but also to seek responsibility
5. the capacity of creativity in the solution of the organizational problem is common in an org.
6. intellectual potentialities of the average human being are only partially utilized

Question 18

mangement science

Answer 18

application of mathematics, statistics, and other quantitative techniques to mgmt. decision making and problem solving

Question 19

3 types of quantitative techniques

Answer 19

1. operations research
2. operations mgmt.
3. information technology

Question 20

quants

Answer 20

financial mangers and other who base their decisions on complex quantitative analysis

Question 21

contingency view

Answer 21

case view–each situation in is unique

contingency–one thing depends on another

Question 22

total quality management

Answer 22

managing the total org. to deliver better quality to customers

Question 23

4 aspects of total quality management

Answer 23

1. employee involvement
2. focus on the customer
3. benchmarking
4. continuous improvement

Question 24

3 idas for managing the technology-driven workplace

Answer 24

1. social media programs
2. customer relationship management
3. supply chain management

Question 25

social media programs

Answer 25

generating awareness about the company’s products and services, sharing ideas and seeking feedback from customers and partners, strengthening relationships among employees and selling products

Question 26

customer relationship management

Answer 26

keep in close touch with customers + collect & manage large amount of customer data

Question 27

supply chain mgmt.

Answer 27

managing the sequence of suppliers and purchasers