Ch. 16: Motivating Employees

Question 1

intrinsic rewards

Answer 1

the satisfactions a person receives in the process of performing a particular action

Question 2

extrinsic rewards

Answer 2

originate externally as a result of pleasing others

Question 3

content theories

Answer 3

emphasize the needs that motivate people

Question 4

hierarchy of needs theory

Answer 4

people are motivated by multiple needs and these needs exist in a hierarchical order–lower order needs take priority

Question 5

What are the 5 types of needs in the hierarchy of needs theory?

Answer 5

1. physiological needs: food, water, oxygen
2. safety needs
3. belongingness
4. esteem
5. self-acutalization

Question 6

ERG theory

Answer 6

there are 3 categories of needs:

1. existence–physical well-being
2. relatedness–relationships
3. growth

Question 7

frustrations-regression principle

Answer 7

failure to meet a high-order need may trigger regression to an already fulfilled lower-order need

Question 8

2-factor theory

Answer 8

1. provide hygiene factors sufficient to meet basic needs

2. use motivators to meet higher-level needs

Question 9

hygiene factors

Answer 9

good hygiene factors remove job dissatisfaction

Question 10

motivators

Answer 10

focus on high-level needs

Question 11

acquired needs theory

Answer 11

certain needs are acquired during the individual’s lifetime:

1. need for achievement (entrepreneurs)
2. need for affiliation (integrators)
3. need for power (managers)

Question 12

goal-setting theory

Answer 12

managers can increase motivation and enhance performance by setting specific goals and providing feedback to track the success

Question 13

equity theory

Answer 13

focuses on individuals’ perceptions of how fairly they are treated compared with others

Question 14

expectancy theory

Answer 14

motivation depends on individuals’ expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards

Question 15

E–>P expectancy

Answer 15

determining whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance

Question 16

P–>O expectancy

Answer 16

determine whether successful performance will lead to the desire outcome or reward

Question 17

valence

Answer 17

the value of outcomes for the individual

Question 18

reinforcement theory

Answer 18

looks at the relationships between behavior and its consequences

Question 19

What are 7 concepts of direct enforcement?

Answer 19

1. behavior modification
2. law of effect: behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated
3. reinforcement
4. positive reinforcement
5. avoidance learning: removal of an unpleasant consequence once a behavior has improved
6. punishment
7. extinction: the withholding of a positive reward

Question 20

social learning theory

Answer 20

an individual’s motivation can also result from the person’s observations of other people’s behavior

Question 21

vicarious learning

Answer 21

(observational learning): when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them

Question 22

jo design

Answer 22

the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction

Question 23

job enrichment

Answer 23

incorporating high-level motivators to the work to seek greater involvement by part of the employee

Question 24

job characteristics model

Answer 24

1. core job dimensions
2. critical psychological states
3. employee growth-need strength

Question 25

What are the 5 dimensions that determine a job’s motivational potential?

Answer 25

1. skill variety
2. task identity
3. task significance
4. autonomy
5. feedback

Question 26

What are 4 ways to empower people to meet higher needs?

Answer 26

1. employees receive info about company performance
2. employees have knowledge and skills to contribute to company goals
3. employees have power to make substantive decisions
4. employees are rewarded based on company performance

Question 27

empowerment

Answer 27

power sharing: delegation of power and authority to subordinates in the organization

Question 28

What are 3 ways to give meaning to work through engagement?

Answer 28

1. people feel that they are working toward something of importance
2. people feel connected to the company, one another, and their managers
3. people have the chance to learn, grow and advance

Question 29

engagement

Answer 29

people enjoy their jobs and are satisfied with their work conditions, contribute enthusiastically to meeting team and organization goals, and feel a sense of belonging