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PTA 240 (Cardiopulmonary) > CH 2 Temperature > Flashcards

CH 2 Temperature Flashcards

1
Q

Balance between the heat produced or acquired by the body and the amount lost

A

Body temperature

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2
Q

Warm-blooded

A

Homoiothermic

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3
Q

Cold-blooded

A

Poikilothermic

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4
Q

To maintain a relatively constant internal body temperature; monitors and acts to maintain temperatures that are optimal for normal cellular and vital organ function

A

Purpose of Thermoregulatory System

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5
Q

What are the three primary components of the thermoregulatory system?

A

Thermoreceptors, regulating center, and effector organs

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6
Q

Provides input to the hypothalamus

A

Thermoreceptors

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7
Q

Temperature regulating center

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

(skin temp); composed primarily of of free nerve endings and have a high distribution in skin

A

Peripheral Receptors

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9
Q

(core temp); located in deep tissues (abdominal), nervous system, and hypothalamus

A

Central Thermoreceptors

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10
Q

Demonstrate a larger distribution of cold receptors than warmth receptors; sensitive to rapid changes in temp

A

Cutaneous peripheral thermoreceptors

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11
Q

Signals enter spinal cord through afferent nerves and travel to the hypothalamus via the lateral spinothalamic tract

A

Cutaneous peripheral thermoreceptors

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12
Q

Sensitive to temperature chages in blood perfusing the hypothalamus; also initiate responses to converse or dissipate heat

A

Thermoreceptors in hypothalamus

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13
Q

Particularly sensitive to core temperature changes and monitoring body warmth; permit feed forward responses to expected changes in core temp

A

Thermoreceptors in hypothalamus

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14
Q

Coordinates heat production and loss processes (like a thermostat)

A

Hypothalamus

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15
Q

Respond and function to increase and dissipate body heat

A

Effector Organs/Systems

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16
Q

What are the primary effector systems?

A

Vascular, metabolic, skeletal muscle (shivering), and sweating

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17
Q

Mechanisms are activated to conserve heat and increase heat production when?

A

When body temperature is lowered

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18
Q

What are the heat conservation and production mechanisms?

A

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels, decrease of sweat gland, cutis anserina or piloerection (gooseflesh), shivering and hormonal regulation

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19
Q

When the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nerves, resulting in vasoconstriction of cutaneous vessels throughout the body

A

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels

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20
Q

Significantly reduces the lumen of vessels and decreases blood flow near the surface of skin (where blood is normally cooled)- reducing the amount of heat lost

A

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels

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21
Q

To reduce or to prevent heat loss by evaporation

A

Decrease sweat gland activity

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22
Q

Hairs standing on end

A

Piloerection

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23
Q

Goose flesh

A

Cutis anserina

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24
Q

Functions to trap a layer of insulating air near the skin and decrease heat loss in lower mammals with greater hair covering

A

Cutis Anserina and Piloerection

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25
Q

What mechanisms are designed to produce heat when decreased body temp occurs?

A

Shivering and hormonal regulation

26
Q

Primary motor center for shivering

A

Posterior hypothalamus

27
Q

Activated by cold signals from the skin and spinal cord

A

Posterior hypothalamus

28
Q

What can be partially suppressed through conscious cortical control and voluntary muscle activity?

A

Shivering reflex

29
Q

How does shivering work in response to cold?

A

Impulses from the hypothalamus activate efferent somatic nervous system causing increased tone of skeletal muscles to increase to a certain threshold level

30
Q

Function in thermal regulation is to increase cellular metabolism, which increases the body heat

A

Hormonal influences

31
Q

When increased metabolism occurs through circulation of hormones from the adrenal medulla: norepinephrine and epinephrine is called what?

A

Chemical Thermogenesis

32
Q

What is more important in infants than adults because hormones increase heat by 100% compared to 10-15% in adults?

A

Chemical Thermogenesis

33
Q

4 primary methods to dissipate excess heat from the body

A

Radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation

34
Q

Transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves from one object to another accomplished by radiation

A

Radiation

35
Q

Heat transfer occurs through the air between objects not in direct contact; heat lost to surrounding objects that are colder than the body

A

Radiation

36
Q

Transfer of heat from one object to another through a liquid, solid or gas

A

Conduction

37
Q

This type of heat transfer requires direct contact between two objects; heat lost by conduction to air

A

Conduction

38
Q

Transfer of heat by movement of air or liquid (water)

A

Convection

39
Q

Accomplished secondary to conduction

A

Convection

40
Q

Heat loss is most effective when air or liquid surrounding the body is continually moved away and replaced

A

Convection

41
Q

Heat is conducted to the air, then air is moved away from the body by currents

A

Convection

42
Q

Dissipation of body heat by conversion of a liquid to a vapor

A

Evaporation

43
Q

Heat loss occurs on a continual basis through the respiratory tract and through perspiration of skin

A

Evaporation

44
Q

Provides major mechanism of heat loss during exercise

A

Evaporation

45
Q

Elevation of normal body temperature- commonly known as fever

A

Pyrexia

46
Q

Occurs when the “set” value of the hypothalamic thermostat is triggered to rise by circulating pyrogens secreted from toxic bacteria, viruses, and injured body tissue

A

Fever

47
Q

Signs and symptoms: general malaise, headache, increased pulse and respiratory rate, chills, piloerection, shivering, loss of appetite, skin flushes and hot to touch, nausea, irritability, restlessness, constipation, sweating, thirst, coated tongue, decreased urinary output, weakness, insomia

A

Signs and symptoms of fever

48
Q

Period of fever that occurs just prior to onset; symptoms: slight headache, muscle aches, general malaise, or loss of appetite

A

Prodromal

49
Q

Period of fever from either gradual or sudden rise until the maximum temperature is reached

A

Phase one fever: onset

50
Q

Symptoms of phase one fever: onset?

A

Chills, shivering, and pale appearance of skin

51
Q

Which fever phase? As body temp is raised, vasoconstriction moves blood to the interior of the body to retain heat; the skin becomes cool and shivering is initiated to produce more heat

A

Phase one fever: onset

52
Q

Which phase of fever attempts to preserve and produce heat continue until a new, higher temp is reached

A

Phase one fever: onset

53
Q

Period of fever that is the point of highest elevation of fever

A

Phase two fever: course

54
Q

Which phase of fever remains relatively stable once the higher temp is reached?

A

Phase two fever: course

55
Q

Which phase of fever is when heat production and heat loss are equal so the shivering stops?

A

Phase two fever: course

56
Q

Which phase of fever has skin warm to the touch and appearing flushed?

A

Phase two fever: course

57
Q

Which phase of fever occurs when the fever subsides and temp lowers until normal?

A

Phase three fever: Termination

58
Q

Which phase of fever has vasodilation occurring and sweating to help cool the body?

A

Phase three fever: Termination

59
Q

What are the types of fevers?

A

Continuous, intermittent, relapsing, remittent

60
Q

What type of fever is when body temp is constantly elevated above normal throughout day but does not fluctuate more than 1.8*F

A

Continuous (constant, sustained) fever

61
Q

What type of fever is seen in uncomplicated minor infection, UTI, lobar pneumonia,typhoid (foodborne illness), infective endocarditis, typhus (flea-borne disease)

A

Continuous (constant, sustained) fever

PTA 240 (Cardiopulmonary) (13 decks)

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