Ch 2: Sensation and Perception (Kaplan)

Question 1

What is the only sense to which an entire lobe of the brain is devoted?

Answer 1

the occipital lobe

p. 62

Question 2

What two sets of blood vessels supply the eye with blood?

Answer 2

The choroidal vessels, and the retinal vessels. The choroidal vessels are between the sclera and the retina.

p. 63

Question 3

The iris is composed of two muscles: the _______ ________, which opens the pupil under sympathetic stimulation, and the _________ ________, which constricts the pupil under parasympathetic stimulation.

Answer 3

dilator pupillae
constrictor pupillae

p. 63

Question 4

The iris is continuous with both the choroid and the ciliary body, which produces the ________ _____, which bathes the front part of the eye before draining into the canal of _______.

Answer 4

aqueous humor
Schlemm

p. 63

Question 5

As the ciliary muscle contracts, it pulls on the _________ _________ and changes the shape of the lens to focus on an image as the distance varies, a phenomenon known as accommodation.

Answer 5

suspensory ligaments

p. 64

Question 6

The retina is actually considered part of the central nervous system and develops as an outgrowth of _____ ______.

Answer 6

brain tissue

p. 64

Question 7

The retina is made up of approximately _______ cones and ________ rods. Cones are used for color vision into sounds fine details. They are most effective in bright light and come in three forms:

Answer 7

6 million cones
120 million rods

short (S, also called blue)
medium (M, also called green)
long (L, also called red)

p. 64

Question 8

Remember the cones are for _____ ______, and rods function best in “_______ _____”.

Answer 8

color vision
“rod-uced light”

p. 64

Question 9

Rods contain only a single pigment type called _________. A rod can be stimulated by light of ___ _____, however, while they permit vision in reduced light, the trade-off is that rods only allow sensation of light and dark.

Answer 9

rhodopsin
any color

p. 64

Question 10

What does the duplexity (or duplicity) theory of vision state?

Answer 10

that the retina contains 2 kinds of photoreceptors: those specialized for light-and-dark detection, and those specialized for color detection

p. 64

Question 11

Visual acuity is best at the fovea, and the fovea is most sensitive in normal daylight vision. The region of the retina, called the _____ ____, where the optic nerve leaves the eye causes a blind spot, and here there are no photoreceptors.

Answer 11

optic disk

p. 65

Question 12

On average, the number of cones converging onto an individual ganglion cell is smaller than for rods. This arrangement helps explain why _____ ______ has a greater sensitivity to fine detail than black-and-white vision does.

Answer 12

color vision

p. 65

Question 13

Very confusingly, the bipolar and ganglion cells are actually located __ _____ of the rods and cones, closer to the front of the eye. This arrangement means that a photon must actually navigate past several layers of cells to reach the rods and cones at the “back” of the retina.

Answer 13

in FRONT

p. 66

Question 14

________ and _________ cells receive input from multiple retinal cells in the same area before the information is passed on to ganglion cells. These guys can accentuate slight differences between the visual information in each bipolar cell. For example, these cells are important for edge detection, as they increase our perception of contrasts.

Answer 14

Amacrine
horizontal

p. 66

Question 15

Each eye’s right visual field projects onto….

Conversely, each eye’s left visual field projects onto…

Answer 15

….the left half of each eye’s retina.
….the right half of each eye’s retina.

p. 66

Question 16

What occurs when the optic nerves reach the optic chiasm?

Answer 16

The fibers from the nasal half of each retina cross paths.

p. 66

Question 17

[Describing the parvo pathway…]
Neurons carrying info from the fovea and surrounding central portion of the retina synapse with _________ cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (in the thalamus). These cells have very high color _______ __________; that is, they allow detection of very fine detail, but only with stationary or slow-moving objects bc these cells have very low temporal resolution.

Answer 17

parvocellular
spatial resolution

p. 68

Question 18

Magnocellular cells are well-suited for detecting motion bc they have HIGH temporal resolution. They predominantly receive inputs from the _______ of our vision, allowing more rapid detection of objects approaching us from the sides.

Answer 18

periphery

p. 68

Question 19

Specialized cells in the visual cortex known as _________ neurons are responsible for comparing the inputs to each hemisphere and detecting these differences.

Answer 19

binocular

p. 68

Question 20

What cell in the visual cortex detects a very particular, individual feature of an object in the visual field?

Answer 20

feature detectors

p. 68

Question 21

What does the concept of feature detection refer to?

Answer 21

How different features of a viewed object are processed separately.

Question 22

Within the ear, as vibrations reach the basilar membrane underlying the organ of Corti, the stereocilia adorning the hair cells begins to sway back and forth within the endolymph. Movement of fluid inside the cochlea leads to _______ of the neuron associated with that hair cell.

Answer 22

depolarization

p. 76

Question 23

The accepted theory on sound perception is place theory, which states that the location of a hair cell on the basilar membrane determines the ________ of _____ when that hair cell is vibrated.

Answer 23

perception of pitch

p. 76

Question 24

The highest-frequency pitches causes vibrations of the basilar membrane very ____ ____ the oval window, whereas lower-frequency pitches cause vibrations at the apex, ____ ____ the oval window.

Answer 24

close to
away from
p. 76

Question 25

The cochlea is __________ organized: which hair cells are vibrating gives the brain an indication of the pitch of the sound.

Answer 25

tonotopically

p. 76

Question 26

How does our sense of smell work?

Answer 26

olfactory chemoreceptors in the olfactory epithelium in the upper part of the nasal cavity respond to volatile or aerosolized compounds

p. 77

Question 27

In the organ of Corti, the tips of stereocilia are linked together via ___ _____.

Answer 27

tip links

Khan Academy science passage: Differential effectiveness of cochlear implants

Question 28

Hair cells depend on potassium channels in order to depolarize and fire an action potential. (Note, this is different than most neurons, which use the opening of sodium channels to depolarize.)

The auditory nerve also depends on sodium-potassium channels in order to function normally.

In severe hypokalemia, hair cells would be unable to fire action potentials, thus, the cortex would receive no auditory input.

Answer 28

(Khan Academy science passage: Differential effectiveness of cochlear implants)

Question 29

The external component of a cochlear implants contain a speech processor (which contains a microphone) and a transmitting coil.

The internal component of a cochlear implant contains a receiver & stimulator, as well as an electrode array.

Answer 29

(Khan Academy science passage: Differential effectiveness of cochlear implants)

Question 30

The proximal part of the basilar membrane is sensitive to ____ frequency sounds.

The distal part of the basilar membrane is sensitive to ____ frequency sounds.

Answer 30

high

low

[Khan Academy passage: Functions of the basilar membrane. Note: Similar to another card in this deck, but uses terms distal and proximal.]

Question 31

What would occur if the eardrum was ruptured?

Answer 31

Oval window vibrations would be severely dampened.

[Khan Academy passage: Functions of the basilar membrane. ]

Question 32

A tonotypical map on the ____ _____ _____ preserves the frequency discrimination at the level of the basilar membrane.

Answer 32

primary auditory cortex

[Khan Academy passage: Functions of the basilar membrane.]

Question 33

Confusing, but the lateral geniculate nucleus is involved in vision, NOT in audition.

Name structures which ARE involved in processing auditory information.

Answer 33

the medial geniculate nucleus
superior olive
inferior colliculus

(Remember this: I feel that MEDium-sized olives are SUPERIOR to other OLIVES, and COLLIes are INFERIOR to other dogs.)