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Emily CBIS > CH 2 Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging > Flashcards

CH 2 Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging Flashcards

1
Q

Why are the bony protuberances inside of the skull important?

A

Major bleeding can occur when the brain rubs against it especially around nasal opening and eye orbits during accel/decell injuries in frontal injuries

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2
Q

What does “the meninges PAD the brain” mean?

A

Pia
Arachnoid
Dura Matter

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3
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body, Axon, Dendrite (network of short wire receive info from other cells at the synapse

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4
Q

What are the main parts of brain cells?

A

Neurons (communicating), glial (non-communicating) and other cells

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5
Q

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

A

ensures that harmful substances can’t pass thru the membrane to harm the brain (at the vascular level), complex system of blood vessels

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6
Q

What is the role of the synaptic cleft?

A

Cells communicate via chemical transmission

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7
Q

How might brain injury interrupt the ability of neurons to communicate?

A

synaptic pathways may be torn, stretched apart, metabolically slowed or chemically disrupted so that info transmission is delayed or no longer possible b/w specific affected areas

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8
Q

List the 3 parts of the brain stem

A

Medulla, Pons and Midbrain

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9
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

reflex centers which control involuntary functions (breathing, heart rate, swallowing, etc.)

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10
Q

What is the consequence of injury to the medulla?

A

life is immediately threatened

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11
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

bridge of nerve fibers b/w the cerebral cortex and cerebellum connecting movement to thinking (facial, sensation, hearing and eye mvmt)

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12
Q

What is the consequence of injury to the pons?

A

can cause complete loss of ability to coordinate and control body movements, may cause partial or total paralysis

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13
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Basic forms of seeing, hearing, alertness and arousal

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14
Q

What is a consequence of injury to midbrain?

A

Coma or low level of consciousness potentially

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15
Q

List 4 functions of the Reticular Activating System and 2 brain regions involved

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Modulates or changes arousal, alertness, concentration and basic biological rhythms, works like a light dimmer switch

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16
Q

What is the function of the thalamus

A

Major relay station for incoming and outgoing sensory info (except smell)

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17
Q

What is the consequence of injury to the thalamus?

A

severe attention and concentration impairments, lower cognitive endurance. Often disorders in sleeping, eating, regulating response to stress

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18
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

hormones, hunger/thirst, sexual response, endocrine levels, fight/flight, memory

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19
Q

What are consequences of injury to the hypothalamus?

A

many complex problems, requiring meds to facilitate neurotransmitters and hormones

It’s like the house thermostat is broken

20
Q

What are the components of the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus and amygdala

21
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Consolidating short term memory into long-term memory, organizing and retrieving stored memory

22
Q

What is a consequence of injury to the hippocampus?

A

Memory for new learning is almost impossible

23
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Emotional memories and responses, fight/flight

24
Q

What is a consequence of injury to the amygdala?

A

difficulty evaluation stimuli for emotional content, misunderstanding

25
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Relays information from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem and cerebellum to help physical movements. On alert when something isn’t working the way it should be

26
Q

What is a consequence of injury to the basal ganglia?

A

slowness, loss of movement, rigidity, tremor (think Parkinson’s) bradykinesia

27
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

monitors motor and sensory information to help control the direction, rate, force and steadiness of a person’s movement. Helps us develop and store motor skills (learning to ride a bike)

28
Q

What are consequences of injury to the cerebellum?

A

impairments in coordination, fine motor movement, equilibrium, sense of body in space (proprioception)

29
Q

What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A

high level emotional responses to a given decision, final decision maker

30
Q

What are consequences of injury to prefrontal cortex?

A

personality changes, impaired self-awareness/appraisal, attention, working memory and STM, learning from consequences impaired

31
Q

What is the antecedent behavior based model?

A

Tell injured persons of the circumstances that precede the behavior/mistake to support learning from consequences due to prefrontal cortex injury

32
Q

What are the functions of the occipital lobe?

A

primary visual cortex

33
Q

What impairments result from injury to occipital lobe?

A

visual-perceptual-motoric distortions, impaired recognition of size, shape, etc. (visual agnosia)

34
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

memory (long-term storage of permanent info (biographical, world knowledge), language, hearing/auditory processing

35
Q

What impairments may result from injury to temporal lobe?

A

impaired VE, AC, hearing (mechanical or neurological), difficulty connecting new info with prior knowledge

36
Q

Broca’s area -where and consequences of injury

A

L frontal-temporal lobe controls muscles of face, mouth, speech production
expressive aphasia, dysarthria, halting speech, low content, mostly verbs

37
Q

Wernicke’s area- where and consequences of injury

A

L temporal-parietal lobe impacts understanding of speech and ability to make sense of the thoughts that are spoken
fluent, but illogical speech

38
Q

How do the atlas and axis vertebrae move?

A

axis inserts into atlas via dens
atlas: sagittal movement (up/down)
axis: horizontal movement (side to side)

39
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Conus medullaris

40
Q

Information is exchanged through what two types of nerve tracks

A

Afferent and Efferent

41
Q

Be familiar with types of neuroimaging and their uses

A

CT, MRI, DTI, fMRI

42
Q

What is the impact of DAI

A

white matter tracts stretch and break causing significant injury without much bleeding; shearing forces

43
Q

Describe the impact of hypoxia and anoxia

A

cause by decreased oxygenation to brain (blood loss, heart stoppage, cessation of breathing)
results in cell death

44
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Cell death with resultant release of chemicals that cause further damage

45
Q

What is included in the central nervous system?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

46
Q

Describe duality of mind

A

2 hemispheres with different responsibilities communicate between the corpus callosum
L is logical and linear
R is holistic and spacial

47
Q

What is often the result of prefrontal cortex injuries in children?

A

They often go unnoticed until child reaches puberty or age when they are supposed to have a typically developing skill such as self-regulation

Emily CBIS (20 decks)

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