CH 2 Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging

Question 1

Why are the bony protuberances inside of the skull important?

Answer 1

Major bleeding can occur when the brain rubs against it especially around nasal opening and eye orbits during accel/decell injuries in frontal injuries

Question 2

What does “the meninges PAD the brain” mean?

Answer 2

Pia
Arachnoid
Dura Matter

Question 3

What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?

Answer 3

Cell body, Axon, Dendrite (network of short wire receive info from other cells at the synapse

Question 4

What are the main parts of brain cells?

Answer 4

Neurons (communicating), glial (non-communicating) and other cells

Question 5

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 5

ensures that harmful substances can’t pass thru the membrane to harm the brain (at the vascular level), complex system of blood vessels

Question 6

What is the role of the synaptic cleft?

Answer 6

Cells communicate via chemical transmission

Question 7

How might brain injury interrupt the ability of neurons to communicate?

Answer 7

synaptic pathways may be torn, stretched apart, metabolically slowed or chemically disrupted so that info transmission is delayed or no longer possible b/w specific affected areas

Question 8

List the 3 parts of the brain stem

Answer 8

Medulla, Pons and Midbrain

Question 9

What is the function of the medulla?

Answer 9

reflex centers which control involuntary functions (breathing, heart rate, swallowing, etc.)

Question 10

What is the consequence of injury to the medulla?

Answer 10

life is immediately threatened

Question 11

What is the function of the pons?

Answer 11

bridge of nerve fibers b/w the cerebral cortex and cerebellum connecting movement to thinking (facial, sensation, hearing and eye mvmt)

Question 12

What is the consequence of injury to the pons?

Answer 12

can cause complete loss of ability to coordinate and control body movements, may cause partial or total paralysis

Question 13

What is the function of the midbrain?

Answer 13

Basic forms of seeing, hearing, alertness and arousal

Question 14

What is a consequence of injury to midbrain?

Answer 14

Coma or low level of consciousness potentially

Question 15

List 4 functions of the Reticular Activating System and 2 brain regions involved

Answer 15

Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Modulates or changes arousal, alertness, concentration and basic biological rhythms, works like a light dimmer switch

Question 16

What is the function of the thalamus

Answer 16

Major relay station for incoming and outgoing sensory info (except smell)

Question 17

What is the consequence of injury to the thalamus?

Answer 17

severe attention and concentration impairments, lower cognitive endurance. Often disorders in sleeping, eating, regulating response to stress

Question 18

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 18

hormones, hunger/thirst, sexual response, endocrine levels, fight/flight, memory

Question 19

What are consequences of injury to the hypothalamus?

Answer 19

many complex problems, requiring meds to facilitate neurotransmitters and hormones

It’s like the house thermostat is broken

Question 20

What are the components of the limbic system?

Answer 20

Hippocampus and amygdala

Question 21

What is the function of the hippocampus?

Answer 21

Consolidating short term memory into long-term memory, organizing and retrieving stored memory

Question 22

What is a consequence of injury to the hippocampus?

Answer 22

Memory for new learning is almost impossible

Question 23

What is the function of the amygdala?

Answer 23

Emotional memories and responses, fight/flight

Question 24

What is a consequence of injury to the amygdala?

Answer 24

difficulty evaluation stimuli for emotional content, misunderstanding

Question 25

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 25

Relays information from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem and cerebellum to help physical movements. On alert when something isn't working the way it should be

Question 26

What is a consequence of injury to the basal ganglia?

Answer 26

slowness, loss of movement, rigidity, tremor (think Parkinson's) bradykinesia

Question 27

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 27

monitors motor and sensory information to help control the direction, rate, force and steadiness of a person's movement. Helps us develop and store motor skills (learning to ride a bike)

Question 28

What are consequences of injury to the cerebellum?

Answer 28

impairments in coordination, fine motor movement, equilibrium, sense of body in space (proprioception)

Question 29

What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 29

high level emotional responses to a given decision, final decision maker

Question 30

What are consequences of injury to prefrontal cortex?

Answer 30

personality changes, impaired self-awareness/appraisal, attention, working memory and STM, learning from consequences impaired

Question 31

What is the antecedent behavior based model?

Answer 31

Tell injured persons of the circumstances that precede the behavior/mistake to support learning from consequences due to prefrontal cortex injury

Question 32

What are the functions of the occipital lobe?

Answer 32

primary visual cortex

Question 33

What impairments result from injury to occipital lobe?

Answer 33

visual-perceptual-motoric distortions, impaired recognition of size, shape, etc. (visual agnosia)

Question 34

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

Answer 34

memory (long-term storage of permanent info (biographical, world knowledge), language, hearing/auditory processing

Question 35

What impairments may result from injury to temporal lobe?

Answer 35

impaired VE, AC, hearing (mechanical or neurological), difficulty connecting new info with prior knowledge

Question 36

Broca's area -where and consequences of injury

Answer 36

L frontal-temporal lobe controls muscles of face, mouth, speech production expressive aphasia, dysarthria, halting speech, low content, mostly verbs

Question 37

Wernicke's area- where and consequences of injury

Answer 37

L temporal-parietal lobe impacts understanding of speech and ability to make sense of the thoughts that are spoken fluent, but illogical speech

Question 38

How do the atlas and axis vertebrae move?

Answer 38

axis inserts into atlas via dens atlas: sagittal movement (up/down) axis: horizontal movement (side to side)

Question 39

Where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 39

Conus medullaris

Question 40

Information is exchanged through what two types of nerve tracks

Answer 40

Afferent and Efferent

Question 41

Be familiar with types of neuroimaging and their uses

Answer 41

CT, MRI, DTI, fMRI

Question 42

What is the impact of DAI

Answer 42

white matter tracts stretch and break causing significant injury without much bleeding; shearing forces

Question 43

Describe the impact of hypoxia and anoxia

Answer 43

cause by decreased oxygenation to brain (blood loss, heart stoppage, cessation of breathing) results in cell death

Question 44

What is apoptosis

Answer 44

Cell death with resultant release of chemicals that cause further damage

Question 45

What is included in the central nervous system?

Answer 45

Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 46

Describe duality of mind

Answer 46

2 hemispheres with different responsibilities communicate between the corpus callosum L is logical and linear R is holistic and spacial

Question 47

What is often the result of prefrontal cortex injuries in children?

Answer 47

They often go unnoticed until child reaches puberty or age when they are supposed to have a typically developing skill such as self-regulation