Ch 2 Gen A&P Glossary Flashcards
Abductor digti minimi
foot muscle that allows the little toe to flex and move
abductor hallucis
foot muscle that moves the big toe away from the other toes
abductors
muscles that draw a body part away from the midline of the body; separate the fingers in the hand
adductors
muscles that draw a body part toward the midline of the body; draw the fingers together in the hand
anabolism
process of simple molecules combining to form a complex molecule; requires energy
anatomy
study of human body structures, how the body parts are organized and the science of the interconnected structures of organisms, or of their parts
aorta
largest artery in the body
arteries
thick-walled flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart of the arterioles
arterioles
small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries
autonomic nervous system
part of the nervous system that controls involuntary muscle action and regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart, and breathing
belly
middle part of the muscle
bicep
muscle that produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow
blood
fluid that travels through the circulatory system to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them
blood vessels
tubelike structures that circulate blood throughout the body including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
body systems
groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions
brain
one of the body’s most complex organs that control all the body’s functions
buccinator
muscle muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips
capillaries
tiny blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the venules, bring nutrients to the cells, and carry away waste materials
carpus
the wrist; flexible joint composed of small, irregular bones called carpals
catabolism
process of breaking complex molecules down into simple molecules; release energy
cell membrane
thin layer of tissue that surrounds the cell; it protects the interior of the cell from its surroundings and is semipermeable, meaning it allows certain substances to enter the cell
cells
basic units of all living things
central nervous system
controls voluntary muscle actions and consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves
cervical vertebrae
seven bones located below the skull; provide support, structure and flexibility to the neck
circulatory system
cardiovascular system or vascular system, controls the body’s steady circulation through the heart and blood vessels
clavicle
collarbone; it joins the sternum and scapula
common carotid arteries
main arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head, face, and neck
connective tissue
is fibrous tissue that binds and supports other body tissues and organs
corrugator
small muscle located between the eyebrows just below the frontalis; draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically
cranium
oval, bony case consisting of eight bones that protect the brain
cytoplasm
watery fluid that surrounds the nucleus; provides structure for the cell parts to move within the cell membrane; enzymes in the cytoplasm help digest and break down other molecules for food
deltoid
large; triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body
depressor labii inferioris
muscle that surrounds and lowers the lower lip and draws it to one side, as when expressing sarcasm; aka quadratus labii inferioris
endocrine system
body system consisting of a group of specialized glands that control the growth, development. reproduction, and health of the entire body
endocrine glands
ductless glands; include the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as other glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream
epicranical aponeurosis
tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles
epicranius
broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis; aka occipitofrontalis
epithelial tissue
provides a covering that protects the body and is found within many parts of the body such as skin, mucous membranes, digestive and respiratory organs, the lining of the mouth, the lining of the heart, and the glands.
ethmoid bone
separates nasal cavity from the brain
exocrine glands
aka duct glands; include the sebaceous and sudoriferous glands, as well as others, and produce a substance that travel through small tubelike ducts
extensor digitorum longus
muscle that bends the foot up and extends the toes
extensor hallucis longus
muscle that extends the big toe and flexes the foot
extensors
muscles that extend and straighten joints such as the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line
external carotid artery
supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck, and sides of the head
external jugular vein
located at the side of the neck, it carries blood returning to the heart form the head, face, and neck
facial skeleton
framework of the face; composed of 14 bones
fibula
located on the little-toe side of the lower leg; smaller of the two leg bones below the knee
flexor
extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing or blending it
flexor digiti minimi
foot muscle that moves the little toe
flexor digitorum brevis
foot muscel that flexes the toes and helps maintain balance while walking and standing
frontal bone
bone that forms the forehead
frontalis
front portion of the epicranius; scalp muscle that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead
gastrocnemius
muscle attached to the lower rear surface of the heel that pulls the foot down
glands
produce and release substances that perform a specific function in the body
heart
muscular, cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system
hormones
chemical substances such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen that stimulate activities in the body
humorous
uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder
hyoid bone
U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports it and its muscles; the only bone fo the throat
insertion
movable part of the muscle arched to the bone; attached farthest form the skeleton
integumentary system
body system consisting of skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails, it serves as a protective covering and helps regulate the body’s temperature
internal carotid artery
supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose, and internal ear
internal jugular vein
located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck
joint
connection between two or more bones
lacrimal bones
two small, thin bones located in the front inside wall of the eye sockets
levator anugli oris
muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward
levator labii superioris
muscle that surrounds and elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils as when expressing distaste
levator palpebrae superioris
thin muscle that controls the movement of the eyelid
lymph
clear or pale-yellow fluid contains white blood cells and travels through lymph vessels
lymphatic system
body system that helps defend against infection and includes lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph vessels
lymph nodes
glandlike structures that filter bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells and are connected by lymph vessels
mandible
largest and strongest bone of the face that forms the lower jaw
masseter
originates at the lower part of the zygomatic; moves the mandible, causes the mouth to close
mastication
medical term for chewing
maxillae bones
two bones that form the upper jaw
mentalis
muscle at the tip of the chin that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin
metabolism
chemical process by which cells convert nutrients to enrgy
metacarpus
five bones, or metacarpals, of the palm located between the carpus and phalanges
metatarsals
five long, slender bones, similar to the metacarpal bones of the hand
mitosis
process of cells reproduction that occurs when the cell divides into two identical daughter cells
motor nerves
aka efferent nerves; carry impulses form the brain to the muscles or glands; these transmitted impulses produce movement
muscular system
body system that covers and holds the skeletal system in place and moves various body parts
myology
study of the structure, functions, and diseases of the muscular system
nasal bones
two bones that form the bridge of the nose
nerves
whitish bundles of nerve fibers that transmits impulses
nerve tissue
carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions
nervous sytem
well organized body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls and coordinates all other body systems
neurology
study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system
nucleus
specialized structure at the center of the cell; controls growth and reproduction of the cell and contains the cell’s genetic material
occipital bone
located below the parietal bones forming the back of the skull above the nape
occipitalis
back portion of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward
opponens
muscle that allows the thumb to be moved toward a finger of the same hand
orbicularis oculi
ring muscle of the eye socket that closes the eyelids and assist in pumping tears
orbicularis oris
muscle that circles the mouth and contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips
organs
groups of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions
origin
part of the muscle that does not move and is anchored to the bone; attached closest tot he skeleton
osteology
study of bones
parietal bones
two bones that form the sides and top of the cranium
patella
kneecap; forms the kneecap joint
peripheral nervous system
system of nerves connecting the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system; has both sensory and motor nerves, carries impulses to and from the CNS
perone breves
muscle that originates on the lower surface of the fibula and bens the foot down and out
peroneus longus
muscle that covers the outer side of the calf, inverts the foot, and turns it outward
phalanges
aka digits; bones of the fingers or toes; there are 28 in fingers (3 in each finger and 2 in each thumb); there are 14 in the toes (two in each big toes and 3 in each smaller toe)
physiology
the study of the functions or activities performed by the body’s structures
platysma
broad muscle extending form the pectoral and deltoid muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip
procerus
muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge
pronator
muscle that turns the hand inward so the palm faces downward
protoplasm
makes up a cell; contains nutrients, mineral salts, and waterp
pulmonary circulation
system that takes oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation and waste removal then returns that blood to the heart so oxygen rich blood can be delivered to the body
radius
smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb
reflex
automatic reaction that involves sending an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord
risorius
muscle at the corner of the mouth that draws it out and back, as when grinning
scapula
shoulder blade; large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder, there are two scapulae
sensory nerves
aka afferent nerves; carry messages from the sense organs (heat, cold, sight, sound, smell, taste) to the brain and spinal cord
skeletal system
forms the physical foundation of the body and is composed of 206 bones that vary in size shape; connected by movable and immovable joints
skull
skeleton of the head; divided into two parts called the cranium and facial skeleton
soleus
muscle that originates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down
spinal cord
is the portion of the CNS that originates in the brain and extends down to the bottom of the spine
sphenoid bone
forms bases and sides of the skull
sternocleidomastoideus
neck muscle that lowers and rotates the head; originates at the clavicle and inserts at the temporal bone near the ear
supinator
forearm muscle that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward
systemic circulation
system that carries oxygen rich blood from the heart throughout the body and returns oxygen poor blood back to the heart; aka general circulation
talus
ankle bone; located between the heel, tibia, and fibula
tarsals
7 irregularly shaped bones in the ankle area including the talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and 3 cuneiform bones
temporal bones
two bones forming the sides of the head int the ear region
temporalis
located near the temple that opens and closes the jaw
tibia
aka shinbone; it’s the large of the two leg bones below the knee of the big toe side that supports most of the body’s weight
tibialis anterior
muscle covering the front of the shin that bends the foot upward and inward
tissue
group of similar cells that perform a specific function
trapezius
muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle regions of the back; lifts and turns the head, raises the shoulders, and controls swinging movements of the arm
triangularis
muscle at the corner of the lip that extends over the chin and pulls down the corners of the mouth when frowning
tricep
large muscle covering the entire back of the upper arm that extends the forearm and straightens the elbow
ulna
inner and larger bone in the forearm located on the side of the little finger
veins
thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries and carry blood containing waste products to the heart and lung s for clenaing and to pick up oxygen; contain cuplike valves that keep blood flowing in one direction to the heart and prevent blood from flowing backward
venules
small veins that connect the capillaries to larger veins
zygomatic bones
cheekbones or molar bones; form the prominence of the cheeks and the outer part of the eye socket
zygomaticus major
muscle that extends from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth; directs the lip outward and upward when laughing and smiling
zygomatic minor
muscle that works with the zygomaticus major to make facial expressions
