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cos 241 > Ch 2 Gen A&P Glossary > Flashcards

Ch 2 Gen A&P Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Abductor digti minimi

A

foot muscle that allows the little toe to flex and move

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2
Q

abductor hallucis

A

foot muscle that moves the big toe away from the other toes

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3
Q

abductors

A

muscles that draw a body part away from the midline of the body; separate the fingers in the hand

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4
Q

adductors

A

muscles that draw a body part toward the midline of the body; draw the fingers together in the hand

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5
Q

anabolism

A

process of simple molecules combining to form a complex molecule; requires energy

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6
Q

anatomy

A

study of human body structures, how the body parts are organized and the science of the interconnected structures of organisms, or of their parts

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7
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in the body

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8
Q

arteries

A

thick-walled flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart of the arterioles

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9
Q

arterioles

A

small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries

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10
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of the nervous system that controls involuntary muscle action and regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart, and breathing

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11
Q

belly

A

middle part of the muscle

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12
Q

bicep

A

muscle that produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow

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13
Q

blood

A

fluid that travels through the circulatory system to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them

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14
Q

blood vessels

A

tubelike structures that circulate blood throughout the body including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

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15
Q

body systems

A

groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions

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16
Q

brain

A

one of the body’s most complex organs that control all the body’s functions

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17
Q

buccinator

A

muscle muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips

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18
Q

capillaries

A

tiny blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the venules, bring nutrients to the cells, and carry away waste materials

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19
Q

carpus

A

the wrist; flexible joint composed of small, irregular bones called carpals

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20
Q

catabolism

A

process of breaking complex molecules down into simple molecules; release energy

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21
Q

cell membrane

A

thin layer of tissue that surrounds the cell; it protects the interior of the cell from its surroundings and is semipermeable, meaning it allows certain substances to enter the cell

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22
Q

cells

A

basic units of all living things

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23
Q

central nervous system

A

controls voluntary muscle actions and consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves

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24
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

seven bones located below the skull; provide support, structure and flexibility to the neck

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25
Q

circulatory system

A

cardiovascular system or vascular system, controls the body’s steady circulation through the heart and blood vessels

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26
Q

clavicle

A

collarbone; it joins the sternum and scapula

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27
Q

common carotid arteries

A

main arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head, face, and neck

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28
Q

connective tissue

A

is fibrous tissue that binds and supports other body tissues and organs

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29
Q

corrugator

A

small muscle located between the eyebrows just below the frontalis; draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically

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30
Q

cranium

A

oval, bony case consisting of eight bones that protect the brain

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31
Q

cytoplasm

A

watery fluid that surrounds the nucleus; provides structure for the cell parts to move within the cell membrane; enzymes in the cytoplasm help digest and break down other molecules for food

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32
Q

deltoid

A

large; triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body

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33
Q

depressor labii inferioris

A

muscle that surrounds and lowers the lower lip and draws it to one side, as when expressing sarcasm; aka quadratus labii inferioris

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34
Q

endocrine system

A

body system consisting of a group of specialized glands that control the growth, development. reproduction, and health of the entire body

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35
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands; include the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as other glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream

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36
Q

epicranical aponeurosis

A

tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles

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37
Q

epicranius

A

broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis; aka occipitofrontalis

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38
Q

epithelial tissue

A

provides a covering that protects the body and is found within many parts of the body such as skin, mucous membranes, digestive and respiratory organs, the lining of the mouth, the lining of the heart, and the glands.

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39
Q

ethmoid bone

A

separates nasal cavity from the brain

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40
Q

exocrine glands

A

aka duct glands; include the sebaceous and sudoriferous glands, as well as others, and produce a substance that travel through small tubelike ducts

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41
Q

extensor digitorum longus

A

muscle that bends the foot up and extends the toes

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42
Q

extensor hallucis longus

A

muscle that extends the big toe and flexes the foot

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43
Q

extensors

A

muscles that extend and straighten joints such as the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line

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44
Q

external carotid artery

A

supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck, and sides of the head

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45
Q

external jugular vein

A

located at the side of the neck, it carries blood returning to the heart form the head, face, and neck

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46
Q

facial skeleton

A

framework of the face; composed of 14 bones

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47
Q

fibula

A

located on the little-toe side of the lower leg; smaller of the two leg bones below the knee

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48
Q

flexor

A

extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing or blending it

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49
Q

flexor digiti minimi

A

foot muscle that moves the little toe

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50
Q

flexor digitorum brevis

A

foot muscel that flexes the toes and helps maintain balance while walking and standing

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51
Q

frontal bone

A

bone that forms the forehead

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52
Q

frontalis

A

front portion of the epicranius; scalp muscle that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead

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53
Q

gastrocnemius

A

muscle attached to the lower rear surface of the heel that pulls the foot down

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54
Q

glands

A

produce and release substances that perform a specific function in the body

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55
Q

heart

A

muscular, cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system

56
Q

hormones

A

chemical substances such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen that stimulate activities in the body

57
Q

humorous

A

uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder

58
Q

hyoid bone

A

U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports it and its muscles; the only bone fo the throat

59
Q

insertion

A

movable part of the muscle arched to the bone; attached farthest form the skeleton

60
Q

integumentary system

A

body system consisting of skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails, it serves as a protective covering and helps regulate the body’s temperature

61
Q

internal carotid artery

A

supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose, and internal ear

62
Q

internal jugular vein

A

located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck

63
Q

joint

A

connection between two or more bones

64
Q

lacrimal bones

A

two small, thin bones located in the front inside wall of the eye sockets

65
Q

levator anugli oris

A

muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward

66
Q

levator labii superioris

A

muscle that surrounds and elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils as when expressing distaste

67
Q

levator palpebrae superioris

A

thin muscle that controls the movement of the eyelid

68
Q

lymph

A

clear or pale-yellow fluid contains white blood cells and travels through lymph vessels

69
Q

lymphatic system

A

body system that helps defend against infection and includes lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph vessels

70
Q

lymph nodes

A

glandlike structures that filter bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells and are connected by lymph vessels

71
Q

mandible

A

largest and strongest bone of the face that forms the lower jaw

72
Q

masseter

A

originates at the lower part of the zygomatic; moves the mandible, causes the mouth to close

73
Q

mastication

A

medical term for chewing

74
Q

maxillae bones

A

two bones that form the upper jaw

75
Q

mentalis

A

muscle at the tip of the chin that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin

76
Q

metabolism

A

chemical process by which cells convert nutrients to enrgy

77
Q

metacarpus

A

five bones, or metacarpals, of the palm located between the carpus and phalanges

78
Q

metatarsals

A

five long, slender bones, similar to the metacarpal bones of the hand

79
Q

mitosis

A

process of cells reproduction that occurs when the cell divides into two identical daughter cells

80
Q

motor nerves

A

aka efferent nerves; carry impulses form the brain to the muscles or glands; these transmitted impulses produce movement

81
Q

muscular system

A

body system that covers and holds the skeletal system in place and moves various body parts

82
Q

myology

A

study of the structure, functions, and diseases of the muscular system

83
Q

nasal bones

A

two bones that form the bridge of the nose

84
Q

nerves

A

whitish bundles of nerve fibers that transmits impulses

85
Q

nerve tissue

A

carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions

86
Q

nervous sytem

A

well organized body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls and coordinates all other body systems

87
Q

neurology

A

study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system

88
Q

nucleus

A

specialized structure at the center of the cell; controls growth and reproduction of the cell and contains the cell’s genetic material

89
Q

occipital bone

A

located below the parietal bones forming the back of the skull above the nape

90
Q

occipitalis

A

back portion of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward

91
Q

opponens

A

muscle that allows the thumb to be moved toward a finger of the same hand

92
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

ring muscle of the eye socket that closes the eyelids and assist in pumping tears

93
Q

orbicularis oris

A

muscle that circles the mouth and contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips

94
Q

organs

A

groups of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions

95
Q

origin

A

part of the muscle that does not move and is anchored to the bone; attached closest tot he skeleton

96
Q

osteology

A

study of bones

97
Q

parietal bones

A

two bones that form the sides and top of the cranium

98
Q

patella

A

kneecap; forms the kneecap joint

99
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

system of nerves connecting the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system; has both sensory and motor nerves, carries impulses to and from the CNS

100
Q

perone breves

A

muscle that originates on the lower surface of the fibula and bens the foot down and out

101
Q

peroneus longus

A

muscle that covers the outer side of the calf, inverts the foot, and turns it outward

102
Q

phalanges

A

aka digits; bones of the fingers or toes; there are 28 in fingers (3 in each finger and 2 in each thumb); there are 14 in the toes (two in each big toes and 3 in each smaller toe)

103
Q

physiology

A

the study of the functions or activities performed by the body’s structures

104
Q

platysma

A

broad muscle extending form the pectoral and deltoid muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip

105
Q

procerus

A

muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge

106
Q

pronator

A

muscle that turns the hand inward so the palm faces downward

107
Q

protoplasm

A

makes up a cell; contains nutrients, mineral salts, and waterp

108
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

system that takes oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation and waste removal then returns that blood to the heart so oxygen rich blood can be delivered to the body

109
Q

radius

A

smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb

110
Q

reflex

A

automatic reaction that involves sending an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord

111
Q

risorius

A

muscle at the corner of the mouth that draws it out and back, as when grinning

112
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade; large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder, there are two scapulae

113
Q

sensory nerves

A

aka afferent nerves; carry messages from the sense organs (heat, cold, sight, sound, smell, taste) to the brain and spinal cord

114
Q

skeletal system

A

forms the physical foundation of the body and is composed of 206 bones that vary in size shape; connected by movable and immovable joints

115
Q

skull

A

skeleton of the head; divided into two parts called the cranium and facial skeleton

116
Q

soleus

A

muscle that originates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down

117
Q

spinal cord

A

is the portion of the CNS that originates in the brain and extends down to the bottom of the spine

118
Q

sphenoid bone

A

forms bases and sides of the skull

119
Q

sternocleidomastoideus

A

neck muscle that lowers and rotates the head; originates at the clavicle and inserts at the temporal bone near the ear

120
Q

supinator

A

forearm muscle that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward

121
Q

systemic circulation

A

system that carries oxygen rich blood from the heart throughout the body and returns oxygen poor blood back to the heart; aka general circulation

122
Q

talus

A

ankle bone; located between the heel, tibia, and fibula

123
Q

tarsals

A

7 irregularly shaped bones in the ankle area including the talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and 3 cuneiform bones

124
Q

temporal bones

A

two bones forming the sides of the head int the ear region

125
Q

temporalis

A

located near the temple that opens and closes the jaw

126
Q

tibia

A

aka shinbone; it’s the large of the two leg bones below the knee of the big toe side that supports most of the body’s weight

127
Q

tibialis anterior

A

muscle covering the front of the shin that bends the foot upward and inward

128
Q

tissue

A

group of similar cells that perform a specific function

129
Q

trapezius

A

muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle regions of the back; lifts and turns the head, raises the shoulders, and controls swinging movements of the arm

130
Q

triangularis

A

muscle at the corner of the lip that extends over the chin and pulls down the corners of the mouth when frowning

131
Q

tricep

A

large muscle covering the entire back of the upper arm that extends the forearm and straightens the elbow

132
Q

ulna

A

inner and larger bone in the forearm located on the side of the little finger

133
Q

veins

A

thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries and carry blood containing waste products to the heart and lung s for clenaing and to pick up oxygen; contain cuplike valves that keep blood flowing in one direction to the heart and prevent blood from flowing backward

134
Q

venules

A

small veins that connect the capillaries to larger veins

135
Q

zygomatic bones

A

cheekbones or molar bones; form the prominence of the cheeks and the outer part of the eye socket

136
Q

zygomaticus major

A

muscle that extends from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth; directs the lip outward and upward when laughing and smiling

137
Q

zygomatic minor

A

muscle that works with the zygomaticus major to make facial expressions

cos 241 (13 decks)

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