Ch 2 Chemistry Of Life Flashcards
Anatomy and physiology are based on
Principals of chemistry
Biochemistry is devoted to
Studying chemical aspects of life
Matter is
Anything that occupies space and has mass
The smallest unit of matter is
Atom
Most chemicals are in the form of
Molecules
Molecules are
Particles of matter that are composed of one ore more atoms
Atoms are considered to be
The basic units of matter
What kind microscopes do atoms produce picture of?
Tunneling and atomic force
The 3 subatomic particles atoms are composed of are?
Protons, electrons and neutrons
At the core of each atom is a?
Nucleus
The number of protons in the nucleus is an
Atoms atomic number
The number of protons and neutrons combined is the
Atoms atomic mass
Orbitals are arranged into
Energy levels or shells
The energy level closest to the nucleus has
One orbital so it can hold 2 electrons
The next energy level has up to
4 orbitals, so it can hold 8 electrons
Substances can be classified as
Elements or compounds
The 4 kinds of atoms that make 96% of the human body are
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Atoms unite with each other to form larger chemical units called
Molecules
Compounds are
Substances whose molecules have more than one element in them
Chemical bonds form to make
Atoms more stable
An atom is chemically stable when
Outer energy is full
Each element has its own
Atomic number
2 atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses are
Isotopes
Hydrogen has 3 isotopes
H1 h2 h3
The most common isotope is
Hydrogen
Radiation particles include
Proton, neutron, electrons
An isotope that emits radiation is called a
Radioactive isotope
Radioactive isotopes are used in
Nuclear medicine
Atoms make their outermost energy level full is to form
Ionic bonds with other atoms
A positive ion is an
Electrically charged Aton
A negative atom is called
Chloride
Compounds that form ions when dissolved in water are called
Electrolytes
Ions have important roles to play in
Muscle contraction and nerve signaling
When atoms share electrons a
Covalent bond form
What 4 elements share electrons to form covalent bonds?
Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen
Covalent bonding is used to form
All major organic compounds found in the body
All compounds in living organisms can be classified as either
Organic or inorganic
Water is an
Inorganic compound
Water is the most
Abundant compound in the body
A mixture is
A blend of 2 or more kinds of molecules
When water is the solvent for a mixture, the mixture is called
Aqueous solution
An aqueous solution containing common salt(NaC1) form
Internal sea of the body
Water molecules also participate in
Chemical reactions
Chemical reactions are
Interactions among molecules in which atoms regroup into new combinations
Hydrolysis is
A common reaction in the body that involves water
Water is also a
Product (dehydration synthesis) or reactant(hydrolysis)
Chemical reactions always involve
Energy transfers
Energy is required to build the
Molecules
Chemist often use a chemical equation to
Represent a chemical reaction
Acids and bases are compounds that
affect chemical reactions in the body
A strong acid is an acid that completely dissociates to form
H+ ions
A weak acid produces few
H+ ions in solution
When a strong acid and a strong base mix Excess H+ combine with excess OH- to form
water
The remaining ions form neutral ionic compounds called
Salts
Acidosis is
Low blood pH
Alkalosis is
High blood pH
Buffers are
Chemicals in the blood that maintain pH
4 major types of organic compounds found in the body are
Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
The name carbohydrate means
Carbon and water
The basic unit of many carbohydrate molecules is called
Monosaccharide
Glucose is an important
Monosaccharide in the body
A molecule made of 2 saccharide units is a
Double sugar or disaccharide
Saccharide units joined together form
Polysaccharides
The 3 major types of lipids included
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
An important steroid lipid is a
Cholesterol
The 3 steroid hormone are
Estrogen, testosterone, and cortisone
Proteins are very large molecules composed of basic units called
Amino acid
All amino acid contains
Nitrogen (N)
Collagen is a
Protein with a fiber shape, holds most of the body tissues together
Keratin is a
Structural protein, forms a network of waterproof fibers in the outer layer of the skin
A high density of protein is called
High density lipoproteins (HDLs)
A molecule that contains less protein is called
Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
Atherosclerosis is
A life threatening blockage of arteries
The 2 forms of nucleic acid are
Deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) and ribonucleic acid (rna)
The basic building blocks of nucleic acids are called
Nucleotides
Each nucleotide consists of a
Phosphate, a unit of sugar, and a nitrogen base.
DNA nucleotide bases include
Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
Nucleotides bind to one another to form
Strands or other structures
Nucleotides are arranged in a twisted double strand called a
Double helix
The sequence of different nucleotides along the DNA double helix is the
Master code
ATP(adenosine triphosphate) is a
Modified nucleotide used to transfer energy from nutrients to cellular processes
