ch 15, 19, 20 review exam Flashcards
Which term refers to a normal respiratory rate?
Eupnea
The most important muscle(s) of forced expiration is (are) the
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
The inspiratory and expiratory centers are located in the
brainstem
The function of the surfactant in the lung is to help
reduce the surface tension of water in the alveoli.
Carbon dioxide in the tissue cells
. converts hemoglobin to carbaminohemoglobin and is carried as bicarbonate ions in the blood
Which of the following structures is involved in the gas exchange function of the respiratory system?
Alveoli
Which volume is not included in vital capacity?
Residual volume
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and cells throughout the body is called
internal respiration
The respiratory mucosa
lines most of the air distribution tubes
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood returning to the lungs from the body is about
46 mm hg
Dyspnea is labored breathing that is often associated with
hypoventilation
Which of these structures is not in the larynx?
Palatine tonsils
The lacrimal sacs drain directly into the
nasal cavity
A decrease in blood protein concentration would tend to
increase interstitial fluid volume and decrease blood plasma volume
Which electrolyte is important in the formation of the thyroid hormones?
iodine
Which electrolyte is important in hemoglobin production?
iron
The hormone that increases the amount of water in the body is
Keyword there are 2
ADH and aldosterone
Which of the following is considered an extracellular fluid?
Keyword there are 3
Cerebrospinal fluid, the humors of the eye, and lymph
The most common positive ion in intracellular fluid is
potassium
Aldosterone increases
sodium reabsorption
The most abundant positive ion in blood plasma is:
sodium
The largest volume of water in the body is
the fluid inside the cells
A newborn can have a percentage of body water as high as
80%
Under normal circumstances, the kidneys provide the greatest means of water loss. Which organ provides the second greatest?
skin
The chief mechanism for maintaining fluid balance is to
adjust fluid output so it equals fluid input
An increase in capillary blood pressure would tend to
increase interstitial fluid volume
Which of the following organs contribute to fluid output from the body?
Lungs, skin, and intestine
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by the
kidney, water reabsorption, and water volume in extracellular fluid.
Extracellular fluid includes
plasma and interstitial fluid
The term used to describe a blood sodium level of more than 145 mEq/L is:
hypernatremia
The most abundant negative ion in blood plasma is
chloride.
Overhydration
can be caused by giving intravenous fluids too rapidly
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood in the lung is called
external respiration
The following are tonsils EXCEPT
uvula
Which of the following tubes enters or exits the pharynx?
Larynx, esophagus, and auditory tubes
Which term describes the group of control centers in the brainstem that produce the basic rhythm of breathing?
. Medullary rhythmicity area
Carbon dioxide in the blood is carried most efficiently by
bicarbonate ions
The auditory, or eustachian, tubes connect the
middle ear with the nasopharynx
The amount of air moved into and out of the lung during normal breathing is called
tidal volume
The space between the vocal cords is called the
glottis.
The function of the epiglottis is to
keep food from entering the trachea.
Which of the following is not covered by the respiratory mucosa?
Alveoli
During inspiration
the chest cavity expands
Electrolytes
dissociate in water solutions and form ions in water solutions.
The most important regulator of the amount of sodium in the body is the:
kidney
The hormone that reduces the amount of water in the body is:
ANH
The respiratory membrane:
contains cilia and mucus-producing goblet cells
The thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) is part of the:
larynx.
All of the following are paranasal sinuses except the
mandibular sinus.
The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aorta are sensitive to:
an increase in blood carbon dioxide, a decrease in blood oxygen, and an increase in blood acidity.
The partition that divides the nasal cavities is called the
nasal septum.
The pulmonary stretch receptors
inhibit inspiration and are inhibited by expiration
The most important muscle(s) of inspiration is (are) the
diaphragm
The smallest of the air distribution tubes in the respiratory tract are the:
alveolar ducts
In order for gas exchange to occur properly in the lungs is
the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli must be greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli must be less than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Which of the following are the two most important control centers in the medulla for regulating breathing rhythm?
Ventral respiratory group; dorsal respiratory group
The respiratory mucosa helps protect the respiratory system by:
trapping bacteria, moving contaminated mucus towards the pharynx, and having ciliated epithelium beat in only one direction.
Which of the following is not true of the pleura?
An inflammation of the pleura is called a pneumothorax.
Oxygen in the blood is carried most efficiently by
combining with hemoglobin in blood cells
The paranasal sinuses
are lined with mucosa continuous with the nasal cavity, help lighten the weight of the skull bones, and acts as a resonant chamber for sound.
The trachea
is also called the windpipe, contains C-shaped rings of cartilage, and is lined by respiratory mucosa.
Which of the following structures is involved in the air distribution function of the respiratory system?
Trachea and bronchi
When dehydration begins to occur:
the salivary secretions decrease.
The fluid that surrounds the cells is called:
interstitial fluid
The main water-pushing force in the blood capillaries is:
blood pressure.
The most important negative ion in intracellular fluid is:
.
anionic proteins
The organ that has the greatest effect on fluid output is the
kidney
