Ch. 2 Flashcards
A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms is a(n)
compound and a molecule
The pH is a scale that measures
concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
Large carbohydrates are formed from smaller units called
monosaccharides
From the periodic table what information about an element could be found
number of electrons, protons, and neutrons (mass number, atomic number)
The reaction of Na + Cl –> NaCl is an example of a(n) _____ reaction
synthesis
All of the synthesis reactions in the body are called
anabolism
When molecules are formed by sharing electrons equally, those molecules are called
non-polar covalent
Heat energy is
energy that flows between objects with different temperatures
The primary structure of a protein is
the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
Adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain are held together by
peptide bonds
Consider the following five terms. Which term does not belong with the other four terms
a. glucose
b. disacchiaride
c. sucrose
d. lactose
e. maltose
glucose (monosaccharide)
Saline given to a patient to avoid dehydration is a solution of
sodium chloride (NaCl)
Proteins are composed of building blocks called
amino acids
The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction
can be lowered by enzymes
Catabolism is a collective term for all the body’s ____ reactions
decompostion
An example of macromolecules in our body includes:
a. nucleic acids
b. proteins
c. carbohydrates
d. lipids
e. all of the above
all of the above
Lemon juice and vinegar are ____ in nature
acidic
Which of the following is a component of a nocleotide
adenine— a nitrogen base
Atomic number of an element is determined by the
number of protons
Which of the following reactions represents decomposition reaction
AB –> A + B
An enzyme is
a protein catalyst
An element has 7 electrons, 7 protons, and 7 neutrons. What will be the atomic weight of the element
14 (protons and neutrons)
A neutral atom contains
the same number of electrons and protons
Which of the following statements best describes RNA
RNA is a single-stranded molecule
which of the following organic groups does steroid belong to
lipid
An organic molecule consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; the molecule is probably
an amino acid
Which of the following is a carbohydrate
sucrose
An anion is
a negatively charged ion (aNion –> N –> negative charge)
Which of the following chemical reactions best represent the synthesis of ATP
a. ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy
b. ADP + Pi + energy → ATP + H2O
c. ADP + ADP + ADP →ATP + energy
d. ATP + energy → ADP + H2O
e. ATP + ADP → ATP
ADP + Pi + energy → ATP + H2O
A cation is
a positively charged ion (caTion –> + –> positive)
When a solute is dissolved in any solvent, the resulting mixture is called
solution
The presence of water in our bodies allows us to:
a. cool the body with sweat.
b. maintain a fairly constant body temperature.
c. provide an environment for chemical reactions.
d. keep tissues moist and reduce friction.
e. All of these choices are correct.
all of these choices are correct
A solution that resists changes in pH when H+ or OH- ions are added to it, is called a(n)
buffer
Kinetic energy is
the form of energy that actually does work
Normal pH for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Maintenance of the pH in this range is
critical because enzymes work best within narrow ranges of pH
Which of the following is a source of nitrogen for the body
proteins
Atoms are the smallest particles of any ____ carrying all the properties of that element
element
A buffer will
resist drastic changes in the pH of the solutions
Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane. In terms of figure D, what does “E” represent
N/A
Glucose is the
major nutrient for most body cells
A simple carbohydrate is characterized by
having a molecular formula of C6H12O6
A chemical reaction in which pairs of two different molecules trade positions with one another is called ____
exchange
What type of covalent bond is formed between amino acid molecules during protein synthesis
peptide bond
Carbon dioxide in our body is present
as a result of respiration
Isotopes of the same element have
the same atomic number (protons) but differ their mass numbers (protons+electrons)
Ribose is the
sugar found in RNA and ATP
Which of the following is a synthesis reaction:
a. Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide.
b. Sucrose is chemically separated to form one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose.
c. Sodium chloride is dissolved in water.
d. Several dipeptide chains are formed from digestion of a long polypeptide chain.
e. ATP is converted to ADP.
Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide.
Which of the following organic groups does lactose belong to
carbohydrate
A reduction reaction is always accompanied by
an oxidation reaction
Peptide bonds are found in all molecules of
proteins
The most penetrating and harmful type of ionizing radiation produced by uranium and plutonium is ____ radiation
gamma
Elections are
the subatomic particles most involved in bonding behavior of atoms
The four most abundant elements in the human body are
carbon, hydrogen oxygen, and nitrogen (C,H,O,N)
Chemical energy
is a form of potential energy within chemical bonds
What is the correct complementary strand of CATGTC? (DNA)
GTACAG (DNA)
Deoxyribose is a sugar found in
DNA
Water accounts for 50% of the weight of a young adult female and 60% of a young adult male. What kind of bond is found at “B”
N/A
The amount of matter in an object is its
mass
A group of water molecules are held together by
hydrogen bonds
A general characteristic of nucleic acids is that they are
all composed of building blocks called nucleotides
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in the body
protection
Subatomic particles located around the nucleus of an atom are
electrons (around)
Bonding is necessary for the formation
molecules
A base is defined as a chemical that
accepts H+
A(n) _____ is any chemical that easily donates electrons to other chemicals
reducing agent
When hydrogen ion concentration increase, pH
decreases
The energy stored in ATP is a form of _____ energy
chemical
The molecule used most frequently by cells as fuel belongs to which of the following groups
carbohydrates (key word fuel –> energy –> sugar)
ATP
serves as the energy currency of the cell
A protein can become denatured when
weak hydrogen bonds are broken
Energy is
the capacity to do work
Which function of protein is NOT correctly matched with the example:
a. transport - hemoglobin
b. structure - collagen and keratin
c. regulation - enzymes and hormones
d. protection - packing around organs and glands
e. contraction - actin and myosin in muscles
protection - packing around organs and glands
Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane.
N/A
What molecule is produced as a waste product of the metabolism of glucose by cells
carbon dioxide
Solution A increases its acidity. This means the the number of hydrogen ions has
increased
Which of the following is an organic compound
sucrose (C12H22O11) because of the carbon and hydrogen (key word organic)
A molecule is said to be ____ when it gains one or more electrons
reduced
Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane. In terms of figure D, what does “A” represent?
polar region (hydrophilic, likes water)
Carbohydrates contain units known as
monosaccarides (building blocks of carbohydrates)
A molecule is
a combination of atoms held together by chemical bonds
Inorganic substances dissolve in water or react with water to release ions. Thus they are known as
electrolytes
Which of the following is mismatched
a. ribose–RNA
b. enzyme–protein
c. cholesterol–nucleic acid
d. triglyceride–fat
e. eicosanoid–prostaglandin
cholesterol–nucleic acid
Carbohydrates are also known as
the primary source of energy
The molecular formula H2O means
2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom
A major function of Deoxyribo Nucleic Acids (DNA) is that DNA
stores genetic information
The smallest particle of an element that still exhibits the chemical characteristics of that element is a(n)
atom
Which of the following lists the components of a nucleotide
a. monosaccharide—organic base—sucrose
b. phosphate—monosaccharide—organic base. (PMO)
c. phosphate—sucrose—amino acid
d. monosaccharide—amino acid—phosphate
phosphate—monosaccharide—organic base. (PMO)
Chemical substances that dissolve in water or react with water to release ions are known as
electrolytes
Physical and chemical changes occurring in the body are defined as
metabolism
Which of the following organic groups does an enzyme belong to:
a. proteins
b. carbohydrates
c. lipids
proteins
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is considered a(n)
compound
An atom of chlorine has 17 protons and 18 neutrons. Which of the following statements is true:
a. chlorine has an atomic number of 18
b. chlorine has a mass number of 35
c. chlorine has a mass number of 18
d. chlorine has an atomic number of 35
chlorine has a mass number of 35
Organic compounds are those that always contain
carbon and hydrogen
Which of the following organic groups does hemoglobin belong to:
a. proteins
b. carbohydrates
c. lipids
d. nucleic acids
protein
Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane. What does “B” represent on the diagram?
nonpolar (hydrophobic) region
Lipids are
an important component of cell membranes
Which of the following does DNA belong to:
a. proteins
b. carbohydrates
c. lipids
d. nucleic acids
nucleic acids
An atom has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. How many neutrons does this atom have
20
The primary structure of a protein is determined by the
sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
Electrolytes are substances that
ionize when dissolved in water
Molecules that form when electrons are shared unequally between atoms are called
polar molecules
The pH value is
determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions
What is a proton
A proton has one positive charge, mass of one unit and found in the nucleus
How many strands of nucleic acids are there in a DNA molecule
2
To maintain homeostasis, which of the following conditions are necessary:
a. Electrolytic imbalance is necessary.
b. Water volume has to be very low.
c. Electrolyte balance is key for maintaining homeostasis.
d. There should not be any formation of ions.
electrolyte balance is key for maintaining
Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane. What does “D” represent on the diagram?
N/A
Arrange the following from largest to smallest:
1. nucleus
2. DNA
3. skin cell
4. chicken eggs
4,3,1,2
Starch is the
storage carbohydrates in plants
Synthesis reactions are particularly important in the body for
growth of body parts
Lipids can
insulate and help prevent heat loss
Covalent bonds form when
electrons are shared between two atoms
A covalent bond is characterized by
sharing of electrons by atoms
The molecular formula C6H12O6 means it has the following constituents
6 carbons, 12 hydrogens, and 6 oxygen atoms
Solution A has a pH of 10 and solution B has a pH of 2. Which of the following statements about these solutions is true?
a. solution B has a high hydrogen ion concentration than solution A
b. solution A has a high hydrogen ion concentration than solution B
c. solution B is basic
d. solution A is acidic
solution B has a high hydrogen ion concentration than solution A
ATP:
a. can be synthesized from ADP.
b. stores and releases energy in the cell.
c. is associated with a reversible reaction.
d. is associated with anabolism and catabolism.
e. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct
The number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12 is called
Avogadro’s number (idk if we need to know this)
Nucleotides are
the building blocks of nucleic acids
Which of the following is a use of radioactive isotopes:
a. treat cancer
b. diagnose disorders
c. sterilize materials
d. all of the above
all of the above
The mass number of an atom is the number of
neutrons plus protons in the atom
Tissues can suffer extensive damage from _____, due to the lack of antioxidants in the body
free radicals
What is the building block molecule of a protein
amino acids
Which of the following chemical reactions best represents the decomposition of ATP?
a. ATP + ADP → ATP
b. ADP + ADP + ADP → ATP
c. ATP + energy → ADP + H2O
d. ADP + Pi + energy → ATP + H2O
e. ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy
ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy
Which of the following factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions?
a. temperature
b. concentration of reactants
c. presence of catalysts
d. presence of enzymes
e. All of these factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions.
All of these factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions.
In ionic bonding
electrons are transferred from one atom to another
The hydrogen and oxygen atoms in molecule of water are held together by
polar covalent bonds
A substance that will increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently changed is called a(n)
catalyst
