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A&P 1 > Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms is a(n)

A

compound and a molecule

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2
Q

The pH is a scale that measures

A

concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

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3
Q

Large carbohydrates are formed from smaller units called

A

monosaccharides

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4
Q

From the periodic table what information about an element could be found

A

number of electrons, protons, and neutrons (mass number, atomic number)

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5
Q

The reaction of Na + Cl –> NaCl is an example of a(n) _____ reaction

A

synthesis

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6
Q

All of the synthesis reactions in the body are called

A

anabolism

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7
Q

When molecules are formed by sharing electrons equally, those molecules are called

A

non-polar covalent

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8
Q

Heat energy is

A

energy that flows between objects with different temperatures

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9
Q

The primary structure of a protein is

A

the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

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10
Q

Adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain are held together by

A

peptide bonds

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11
Q

Consider the following five terms. Which term does not belong with the other four terms
a. glucose
b. disacchiaride
c. sucrose
d. lactose
e. maltose

A

glucose (monosaccharide)

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12
Q

Saline given to a patient to avoid dehydration is a solution of

A

sodium chloride (NaCl)

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13
Q

Proteins are composed of building blocks called

A

amino acids

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14
Q

The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction

A

can be lowered by enzymes

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15
Q

Catabolism is a collective term for all the body’s ____ reactions

A

decompostion

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16
Q

An example of macromolecules in our body includes:
a. nucleic acids
b. proteins
c. carbohydrates
d. lipids
e. all of the above

A

all of the above

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17
Q

Lemon juice and vinegar are ____ in nature

A

acidic

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18
Q

Which of the following is a component of a nocleotide

A

adenine— a nitrogen base

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19
Q

Atomic number of an element is determined by the

A

number of protons

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20
Q

Which of the following reactions represents decomposition reaction

A

AB –> A + B

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21
Q

An enzyme is

A

a protein catalyst

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22
Q

An element has 7 electrons, 7 protons, and 7 neutrons. What will be the atomic weight of the element

A

14 (protons and neutrons)

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23
Q

A neutral atom contains

A

the same number of electrons and protons

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24
Q

Which of the following statements best describes RNA

A

RNA is a single-stranded molecule

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25
Q

which of the following organic groups does steroid belong to

A

lipid

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26
Q

An organic molecule consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; the molecule is probably

A

an amino acid

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27
Q

Which of the following is a carbohydrate

A

sucrose

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28
Q

An anion is

A

a negatively charged ion (aNion –> N –> negative charge)

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29
Q

Which of the following chemical reactions best represent the synthesis of ATP
a. ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy
b. ADP + Pi + energy → ATP + H2O
c. ADP + ADP + ADP →ATP + energy
d. ATP + energy → ADP + H2O
e. ATP + ADP → ATP

A

ADP + Pi + energy → ATP + H2O

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30
Q

A cation is

A

a positively charged ion (caTion –> + –> positive)

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31
Q

When a solute is dissolved in any solvent, the resulting mixture is called

A

solution

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32
Q

The presence of water in our bodies allows us to:
a. cool the body with sweat.
b. maintain a fairly constant body temperature.
c. provide an environment for chemical reactions.
d. keep tissues moist and reduce friction.
e. All of these choices are correct.

A

all of these choices are correct

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33
Q

A solution that resists changes in pH when H+ or OH- ions are added to it, is called a(n)

A

buffer

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34
Q

Kinetic energy is

A

the form of energy that actually does work

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35
Q

Normal pH for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Maintenance of the pH in this range is

A

critical because enzymes work best within narrow ranges of pH

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36
Q

Which of the following is a source of nitrogen for the body

A

proteins

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37
Q

Atoms are the smallest particles of any ____ carrying all the properties of that element

A

element

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38
Q

A buffer will

A

resist drastic changes in the pH of the solutions

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39
Q

Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane. In terms of figure D, what does “E” represent

A

N/A

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40
Q

Glucose is the

A

major nutrient for most body cells

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41
Q

A simple carbohydrate is characterized by

A

having a molecular formula of C6H12O6

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42
Q

A chemical reaction in which pairs of two different molecules trade positions with one another is called ____

A

exchange

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43
Q

What type of covalent bond is formed between amino acid molecules during protein synthesis

A

peptide bond

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44
Q

Carbon dioxide in our body is present

A

as a result of respiration

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45
Q

Isotopes of the same element have

A

the same atomic number (protons) but differ their mass numbers (protons+electrons)

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46
Q

Ribose is the

A

sugar found in RNA and ATP

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47
Q

Which of the following is a synthesis reaction:
a. Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide.
b. Sucrose is chemically separated to form one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose.
c. Sodium chloride is dissolved in water.
d. Several dipeptide chains are formed from digestion of a long polypeptide chain.
e. ATP is converted to ADP.

A

Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide.

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48
Q

Which of the following organic groups does lactose belong to

A

carbohydrate

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49
Q

A reduction reaction is always accompanied by

A

an oxidation reaction

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50
Q

Peptide bonds are found in all molecules of

A

proteins

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51
Q

The most penetrating and harmful type of ionizing radiation produced by uranium and plutonium is ____ radiation

A

gamma

52
Q

Elections are

A

the subatomic particles most involved in bonding behavior of atoms

53
Q

The four most abundant elements in the human body are

A

carbon, hydrogen oxygen, and nitrogen (C,H,O,N)

54
Q

Chemical energy

A

is a form of potential energy within chemical bonds

55
Q

What is the correct complementary strand of CATGTC? (DNA)

A

GTACAG (DNA)

56
Q

Deoxyribose is a sugar found in

A

DNA

57
Q

Water accounts for 50% of the weight of a young adult female and 60% of a young adult male. What kind of bond is found at “B”

A

N/A

58
Q

The amount of matter in an object is its

A

mass

59
Q

A group of water molecules are held together by

A

hydrogen bonds

60
Q

A general characteristic of nucleic acids is that they are

A

all composed of building blocks called nucleotides

61
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in the body

A

protection

62
Q

Subatomic particles located around the nucleus of an atom are

A

electrons (around)

63
Q

Bonding is necessary for the formation

A

molecules

64
Q

A base is defined as a chemical that

A

accepts H+

65
Q

A(n) _____ is any chemical that easily donates electrons to other chemicals

A

reducing agent

66
Q

When hydrogen ion concentration increase, pH

A

decreases

67
Q

The energy stored in ATP is a form of _____ energy

A

chemical

68
Q

The molecule used most frequently by cells as fuel belongs to which of the following groups

A

carbohydrates (key word fuel –> energy –> sugar)

69
Q

ATP

A

serves as the energy currency of the cell

70
Q

A protein can become denatured when

A

weak hydrogen bonds are broken

71
Q

Energy is

A

the capacity to do work

72
Q

Which function of protein is NOT correctly matched with the example:
a. transport - hemoglobin
b. structure - collagen and keratin
c. regulation - enzymes and hormones
d. protection - packing around organs and glands
e. contraction - actin and myosin in muscles

A

protection - packing around organs and glands

73
Q

Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane.

A

N/A

74
Q

What molecule is produced as a waste product of the metabolism of glucose by cells

A

carbon dioxide

75
Q

Solution A increases its acidity. This means the the number of hydrogen ions has

A

increased

76
Q

Which of the following is an organic compound

A

sucrose (C12H22O11) because of the carbon and hydrogen (key word organic)

77
Q

A molecule is said to be ____ when it gains one or more electrons

A

reduced

78
Q

Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane. In terms of figure D, what does “A” represent?

A

polar region (hydrophilic, likes water)

79
Q

Carbohydrates contain units known as

A

monosaccarides (building blocks of carbohydrates)

80
Q

A molecule is

A

a combination of atoms held together by chemical bonds

81
Q

Inorganic substances dissolve in water or react with water to release ions. Thus they are known as

A

electrolytes

82
Q

Which of the following is mismatched
a. ribose–RNA
b. enzyme–protein
c. cholesterol–nucleic acid
d. triglyceride–fat
e. eicosanoid–prostaglandin

A

cholesterol–nucleic acid

83
Q

Carbohydrates are also known as

A

the primary source of energy

84
Q

The molecular formula H2O means

A

2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom

85
Q

A major function of Deoxyribo Nucleic Acids (DNA) is that DNA

A

stores genetic information

86
Q

The smallest particle of an element that still exhibits the chemical characteristics of that element is a(n)

A

atom

87
Q

Which of the following lists the components of a nucleotide
a. monosaccharide—organic base—sucrose
b. phosphate—monosaccharide—organic base. (PMO)
c. phosphate—sucrose—amino acid
d. monosaccharide—amino acid—phosphate

A

phosphate—monosaccharide—organic base. (PMO)

88
Q

Chemical substances that dissolve in water or react with water to release ions are known as

A

electrolytes

89
Q

Physical and chemical changes occurring in the body are defined as

A

metabolism

90
Q

Which of the following organic groups does an enzyme belong to:
a. proteins
b. carbohydrates
c. lipids

A

proteins

91
Q

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is considered a(n)

A

compound

92
Q

An atom of chlorine has 17 protons and 18 neutrons. Which of the following statements is true:
a. chlorine has an atomic number of 18
b. chlorine has a mass number of 35
c. chlorine has a mass number of 18
d. chlorine has an atomic number of 35

A

chlorine has a mass number of 35

93
Q

Organic compounds are those that always contain

A

carbon and hydrogen

94
Q

Which of the following organic groups does hemoglobin belong to:
a. proteins
b. carbohydrates
c. lipids
d. nucleic acids

A

protein

95
Q

Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane. What does “B” represent on the diagram?

A

nonpolar (hydrophobic) region

96
Q

Lipids are

A

an important component of cell membranes

97
Q

Which of the following does DNA belong to:
a. proteins
b. carbohydrates
c. lipids
d. nucleic acids

A

nucleic acids

98
Q

An atom has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. How many neutrons does this atom have

A

20

99
Q

The primary structure of a protein is determined by the

A

sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

100
Q

Electrolytes are substances that

A

ionize when dissolved in water

101
Q

Molecules that form when electrons are shared unequally between atoms are called

A

polar molecules

102
Q

The pH value is

A

determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions

103
Q

What is a proton

A

A proton has one positive charge, mass of one unit and found in the nucleus

104
Q

How many strands of nucleic acids are there in a DNA molecule

A

2

105
Q

To maintain homeostasis, which of the following conditions are necessary:
a. Electrolytic imbalance is necessary.
b. Water volume has to be very low.
c. Electrolyte balance is key for maintaining homeostasis.
d. There should not be any formation of ions.

A

electrolyte balance is key for maintaining

106
Q

Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane. What does “D” represent on the diagram?

A

N/A

107
Q

Arrange the following from largest to smallest:
1. nucleus
2. DNA
3. skin cell
4. chicken eggs

A

4,3,1,2

108
Q

Starch is the

A

storage carbohydrates in plants

109
Q

Synthesis reactions are particularly important in the body for

A

growth of body parts

110
Q

Lipids can

A

insulate and help prevent heat loss

111
Q

Covalent bonds form when

A

electrons are shared between two atoms

112
Q

A covalent bond is characterized by

A

sharing of electrons by atoms

113
Q

The molecular formula C6H12O6 means it has the following constituents

A

6 carbons, 12 hydrogens, and 6 oxygen atoms

114
Q

Solution A has a pH of 10 and solution B has a pH of 2. Which of the following statements about these solutions is true?
a. solution B has a high hydrogen ion concentration than solution A
b. solution A has a high hydrogen ion concentration than solution B
c. solution B is basic
d. solution A is acidic

A

solution B has a high hydrogen ion concentration than solution A

115
Q

ATP:
a. can be synthesized from ADP.
b. stores and releases energy in the cell.
c. is associated with a reversible reaction.
d. is associated with anabolism and catabolism.
e. All of these choices are correct.

A

All of these choices are correct

116
Q

The number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12 is called

A

Avogadro’s number (idk if we need to know this)

117
Q

Nucleotides are

A

the building blocks of nucleic acids

118
Q

Which of the following is a use of radioactive isotopes:
a. treat cancer
b. diagnose disorders
c. sterilize materials
d. all of the above

A

all of the above

119
Q

The mass number of an atom is the number of

A

neutrons plus protons in the atom

120
Q

Tissues can suffer extensive damage from _____, due to the lack of antioxidants in the body

A

free radicals

121
Q

What is the building block molecule of a protein

A

amino acids

122
Q

Which of the following chemical reactions best represents the decomposition of ATP?
a. ATP + ADP → ATP
b. ADP + ADP + ADP → ATP
c. ATP + energy → ADP + H2O
d. ADP + Pi + energy → ATP + H2O
e. ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy

A

ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy

123
Q

Which of the following factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions?
a. temperature
b. concentration of reactants
c. presence of catalysts
d. presence of enzymes
e. All of these factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions.

A

All of these factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions.

124
Q

In ionic bonding

A

electrons are transferred from one atom to another

125
Q

The hydrogen and oxygen atoms in molecule of water are held together by

A

polar covalent bonds

126
Q

A substance that will increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently changed is called a(n)

A

catalyst

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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