ch. 19

Question 0

Aortic regurgitation

Answer 0

Aortic insufficiency; incompetent aortic valve that allows backward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole

Question 1

Angina pectoris

Answer 1

Acute chest pain that occurs when myocardial demand exceeds its oxygen supply

Question 2

Aortic stenosis

Answer 2

Calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during systole

Question 3

Aortic valve

Answer 3

The left semilunar valve separating the left ventricle and the aorta

Question 4

Apex of the heart

Answer 4

Tip of the heart pointing down toward the 5th left intercostal space

Question 5

Apical impulse

Answer 5

Point of maximal impulse, PMI; pulsation created as the left ventricle rotates against the chest wall during systole, normally at the 5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line

Question 6

Base of the heart

Answer 6

Broader area of heart’s outline located at the 3rd right and left intercostal space

Question 7

Bell (of the stethoscope)

Answer 7

Cup-shaped endpiece used for soft, low-pitched heart sounds

Question 8

Bradycardia

Answer 8

Slow heart rate, <50 beats per minute in the adult

Question 9

Clubbing

Answer 9

Bulbous enlargement of distal phalanges of fingers and toes that occurs with chronic cyanotic heart and lung conditions

Question 10

Coarctation of aorta

Answer 10

Severe narrowing of the descending aorta, a congenital heart defect

Question 11

Cor pulmonale

Answer 11

Right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension

Question 12

Cyanosis

Answer 12

Dusky blue mottling of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive amount of reduced hemoglobin in the blood

Question 13

Diaphragm (of the stethoscope)

Answer 13

Flat endpiece of the stethoscope used for hearing relatively high-pitched heart sounds

Question 14

Diastole

Answer 14

The heart’s filling phase

Question 15

Dyspnea

Answer 15

Difficult, labored breathing

Question 16

Edema

Answer 16

Swelling of legs or dependent body part due to increased interstitial fluid

Question 17

Erb’s point

Answer 17

Traditional auscultatory area in the 3rd left intercostal space

Question 18

First heart sound (S1)

Answer 18

Occurs with closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves signaling the beginning of systole

Question 19

Fourth heart sound (S4)

Answer 19

S4 gallop; atrial gallop; very soft, low pitched ventricular filling sound that occurs in late diastole

Question 20

Gallop rhythm

Answer 20

The addition of a 3rd or 4th heart sound makes the rhythm sound like the cadence of a galloping horse

Question 21

Inching

Answer 21

Technique of moving the stethoscope incrementally across the precordium through the auscultatory areas while listening to the heart sounds

Question 22

LVH (left ventricular hypertrophy)

Answer 22

Increase in thickness of myocardial wall that occurs when the heart pumps against chronic outflow obstruction (e.g., aortic stenosis)

Question 23

MCL (midclavicular line)

Answer 23

Imaginary vertical line bisecting the middle of the clavicle in each hemithorax

Question 24

Mitral regurgitation

Answer 24

Mitral insufficiency; incompetent mitral valve allows regurgitation of blood back into left atrium during systole

Question 25

Mitral stenosis

Answer 25

Calcified mitral valve impedes forward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole

Question 26

Palpitation

Answer 26

Uncomfortable awareness of rapid or irregular heart rate

Question 27

Paradoxical splitting

Answer 27

Opposite of a normal split S2, so that the split is heard in expiration and in inspiration the sounds fuse to one sound

Question 28

Pericardial friction rub

Answer 28

High-pitched, scratchy extracardiac sound heard when the precordium is inflamed

Question 29

Physiologic splitting

Answer 29

Normal variation in S2 heard as two separate components during inspiration

Question 30

Precordium

Answer 30

Area of the chest wall overlying the heart and great vessels

Question 31

Pulmonic regurgitation

Answer 31

Pulmonic insufficiency; backflow of blood through incompetent pulmonic valve into the right ventricle

Question 32

Pulmonic stenosis

Answer 32

Calcification of pulmonic valve that restricts forward flow of blood during systole

Question 33

Pulmonic valve

Answer 33

Right semilunar valve separating the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Question 34

Second heart sound (S2)

Answer 34

Occurs with closure of the semilunar valves, aortic and pulmonic, and signals the end of systole

Question 35

Summation gallop

Answer 35

Abnormal mid-diastolic heart sound heard when both the pathologic S3 and S4 are present

Question 36

Syncope

Answer 36

Temporary loss of consciousness due to decreased cerebral blood flow (fainting), caused by ventricular asystole, pronounced bradycardia, or ventricular fibrillation

Question 37

Systole

Answer 37

The heart's pumping phase

Question 38

Tachycardia

Answer 38

Rapid heart rate, >90 beats per minute in the adult

Question 39

Third heart sound (S3)

Answer 39

Soft, low pitched ventricular filling sound that occurs in early diastole (S3 gallop) and may be an early sign of heart failure

Question 40

Thrill

Answer 40

Palpable vibration on the chest wall accompanying severe heart murmur

Question 41

Tricuspid valve

Answer 41

Right AV valve separating the right atria and ventricle