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Topics of Respiratory Care > Ch. 18 Eagans Test 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 18 Eagans Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

An electrocardiogram (ECG)i is a popular

A

tool b/c it is inexpensive, noninvasive, and easy to obtain

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2
Q

What is depolarization

A

active contraction

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3
Q

What is repolarization

A

relaxtion

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4
Q

Atrial depolarization is seen as

A

P wave

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5
Q

How long is the pwave

A

no more 2.5 mm high and 3 mm long

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6
Q

Ventricular depolarization is seen in

A

QRS complex

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7
Q

A normal QRS complex is not wider than

A

3 mm (0.12 second)

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8
Q

How long is the PR interval

A

no longer than 0.20 seconds

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9
Q

ECG large box paper

A

(5mm x 5mm)= 20 sec

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10
Q

ECG small box

A

( 1mm x 1mm)= 0.04 sec

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11
Q

When is an inverted T wave often seen?

A

Myocardial damage

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12
Q

What are the 3 most dangerous arrhythmias

A
  • V-fib
  • Atrial fib
  • Thrid degree heart block
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13
Q

What are the 7 Hs of PEAs

A
  • Hypovolemia
  • Hypoxia
  • Hyperchloromia
  • Hypocholormia
  • Hypothermia
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Hydrogen ions (severe acidotic state)
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14
Q

What are the 6 T of PEAs

A
  • Trauma
  • Tension pneumothorax
  • Toxins
  • Tamponade (Cardiac)
  • Thrombosis (coronary)
  • Thrombosis (pulmonary)
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15
Q

What is Sinus Tachycardia

A

HR exceeds 100/min at rest

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16
Q

What are some common findings in pts w sinus tachycardia (5)

A
  • pain
  • anxiety
  • fever
  • hypovolemia
  • hypoxia
  • certain meds (bronchodilators)
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17
Q

How do you treat sinus tachycardia?

A

treat the underlying cause

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18
Q

What is Sinus Bradycardia

A

HR less than 60/min

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19
Q

Common causes of sinus bradycardia? (2)

A
  • hypotension
  • syncope
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20
Q

How do you treat sinus bradycardia ?

A

Atropine

21
Q

What is Sinus Arrhythmia?

A
  • A common arrhythmia
  • irregular space between QRS complexes
  • R-R interval more than 0.12 second
22
Q

Common causes of sinus Arrhythmia? (2)

A
  • may occur w/ effects of breathing on the heart
  • side effect of medication (digoxin)
23
Q

How do you treat sinus arrhythmia?

A

do not need treat

24
Q

What is a First-Degree Heart block?

A
  • P-R interval exceeds 0.20 seconds
  • Cardiac impulses from the SA node is delayed in passing through the AV node or bundle of HIS
25
Q

Common causes of First degree heart block? (2)

A
  • common after a MI that damages the AV node
  • certain meds (digoxin or beta blockers)
26
Q

Second- degree heart block comes in 2 types. What are they?

A
  • Type 1 (Wenckebach or Mobitz type 1)
  • Type 2 (Mobitz type 2)
27
Q

Type 1 (Wenckebach or Mobitz type 1) block is recognized when the

A

PR interval gets progressively longer until one does not pass on to the ventricles

28
Q

“Wenckebach: PR interval gets longer, longer, longer DROP, that’s why they call it the Wenckebach”

(Ventricle contracting is dropping which is the QRS complex)

A

Important to know

29
Q

Type 2 (Mobitz type 2) is

A
  • less common
  • seen as a series of non-conducted p waves followed by p waves that conduct to ventricles
    (No QRS complex for a while)
30
Q

How do you treat Wenckebach ?

A

They will only treat if CO is affected

31
Q

Common cause of type 2 second- degree ?

A

MI

32
Q

How do you treat type 2

A

Medication (Atropine)

33
Q

What is Third degree heart block (complete heart block)?

A
  • one of the most dangerous arrhythmias
  • Ventricles and atria are not communicating
  • “Hot- mess”
34
Q

What is the treatment for Third- degree heart block? (2)

A
  • medication
  • external pacemaker
35
Q

What is Atrial flutter

A
  • Represents rapid depolarization of atria from an ectopic focus (250 to 350)
  • “sawtooth pattern”
  • numerous P waves are present for each QRS
36
Q

What causes Atrial flutter? (5)

A
  • rheumatic heart disease
  • coronary heart disease
  • renal failure
  • stress
  • hypoxemia
37
Q

How do we treat Atrial flutter? (2)

A
  • medication
  • cardioversion (shock at 50- 200)
38
Q

What is Atrial fibrillation?

A
  • results when atrial muscles quiver in an irregular pattern; no true p waves are seen
  • Ventricular rate may be slow and irregular
39
Q

Why is Atrial fibrillation dangerous?

A

Causes cardiac output to drop and may lead to thrombi atria due to blood stagnation (blood clot)

40
Q

What is the treatment for Atrial fibrillation

A

Cardioversion

41
Q

What are Premature Ventricular Contractions

A
  • Occurs when ectopic beats originate in the ventricles
  • QRS complexes is wide and has no preceding Pwave
    (Bizzare widden QRS complex)
42
Q

What are PVCs caused by? (3)

A
  • hypoxia
  • electrolyte imbalances (potassium and sodium)
  • acid-base disorders
43
Q

How can we treat PVCs? (2)

A
  • treat the underlying causes
  • lidocaine can offer temporary solution
44
Q

What is Ventricular Tachycardia?

A
  • A run of 3 or more PVCs in a row
  • Wide QRS w/ no p wave after
  • ventricular rate is usually 100 to 250/min
  • “V-Tach, Witch’s Hat”
45
Q

How do we treat V-tach? (2)

A
  • Cardioversion
  • Medications
    (widen QRS- Amiodarone)
    (narrow QRS- Adenosine)
46
Q

What is Ventricular Fibrillation?

A
  • # 1 most dangerous arrhythmia
  • Erratic quivering of ventricular muscle mass
  • causes cardiac output to drop to zero
  • “zig-zag” pattern
47
Q

How do you treat Ventricular fibrillation? (4)

A
  • rapid defibrillation
  • CPR
  • oxygen
  • antiarrhythmic meds
48
Q

Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA)

A
  • very rare but serious
  • ECG pattern that DOES NOT generate a pulse
49
Q

What is the treatment for PEA (2)

A
  • Emergency life support
  • immediate reversal of causes (7 H’s and 6 T’s)

Topics of Respiratory Care (20 decks)

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