Ch. 10 Eagans Test 2

Question 1

The heart is hollow, ___ chambers, muscular, roughly ______ sized

Answer 1

4;
fist

Question 2

Where does the heart lie between?

Answer 2

Just behind the sternum, 2/3 lie to the left, between the 2nd through 6th ribs

Question 3

Where is the apex located at?

Answer 3

5th intercostal space

Question 4

___________ _______ (______) make the boundaries of the heart chambers

Answer 4

Surface grooves (sulci)

Question 5

Pericardium is a

Answer 5

double-walled sac enclosing heart

Question 6

Pericardium’s structure consist of (2)

Answer 6

• Fibrous pericardium
• Serous pericardium

Question 7

Tough, loose-fitting, and inelastic sac surrounding the heart

Answer 7

Fibrous pericardium

Question 8

Serous pericardium consists of 2 layers. What are they?

Answer 8

• Parietal layer
• Visceral layer

Question 9

Parietal layer is the inner lining

Answer 9

of the fibrous pericardium

Question 10

Visceral layer or epicardium covers the

Answer 10

outer surface of the heart and great vessels

Question 11

Thin layer of fluid separating parietal and visceral pericardium is called

Answer 11

Pericardial fluid

Question 12

Pericardial fluid helps minimize friction during

Answer 12

contraction and expansion

Question 13

Inflammation of the pericardium is called

Answer 13

pericarditis

Question 14

Abnormal amount of accumulated fluid between layers is referred to as

Answer 14

Pericardial effusion

Question 15

A large pericardial effusion may ___________ the pumping function of the heart, ______________ the heart muscles, leading to a serious __________ in blood flow to the ______, and may lead to ________ and death

Answer 15

lessen;
compresses;
decrease;
body;
shock

Question 16

What is a cardiac tamponande?

Answer 16

Large pericardial effusion may affect pumping function

Question 17

A cardiac tamponade should be suspected in pts presenting w/ (7)

Answer 17

• Hypotension
• JVD
• Muffle heart sounds
• Tachycardia
• Tachypnea
• Narrowing pulse pressures
• Severe Dyspnea

Question 18

The heart wall is composed of 3 layers, What are they?

Answer 18

• Outer: epicardium
• Middle: Myocardium
• Inner: Endocardium

Question 19

Which layer comprises the bulk of the heart and is composed of muscle tissue

Answer 19

Myocardium

Question 20

_______________ forms the continuous tissue w/ blood vessless

Answer 20

Epicardium

Question 21

Ventricle contraction forces valves to close

Answer 21

preventing backflow into the atria

Question 22

Heart forms 4 muscular chambers

Answer 22

• Upper chambers, right and left atria
• Lower chambers, right and left ventricles (responsible for forward movement of blood)

Question 23

________________ is the backflow of blood through a malfunctioning leaky valve

Answer 23

Regurgitation

Question 24

Stenosis is a pathologic narrowing or constriction of a valve outlet, which causes

Answer 24

blood to back up and increased pressure in the proximal chambers and vessels

Question 25

What side of the heart does regurgitation often happen on?

Answer 25

Left

Question 26

Atrioventricular valves (AV) lie between

Answer 26

atria and ventricles

Question 27

Tricuspid valve is at the

Answer 27

right atrium exit

Question 28

Mitral valve at the

Answer 28

left atrium exit

Question 29

Semilunar valves consist of

Answer 29

three half-moon shaped cusps

Question 30

Semilunar valves separate ventricles from their

Answer 30

arterial outflow tracts, pulmonary artery and aorta

Question 31

What is the blood flow through the heart (14)

Answer 31

1. SVC/IVC 2. Right Atrium 3. Tricuspid valve 4. Right ventricle 5. Pulmonary semilunar valve 6. Pulmonary artery 7. Lungs 8. Pulmonary veins 9. Left atrium 10. Bicuspid valve 11. Left ventricle 12. Aortic valve 13. Aorta 14. Body

Question 32

When the ventricles are contracting the semilunar valves are

Answer 32

opening and the av valves are closing

Question 33

When the ______ contracts the the AV valve are ___________ and the semilunar valves are ________.

Answer 33

atria; opening; closing

Question 34

Systole ( _______ _____________): valves open, allowing _____________ ejection into the Arties

Answer 34

cardiac contraction; ventricular

Question 35

When valves close, preventing back flow of blood into ventricles

Answer 35

Diastole

Question 36

What are the 2 main coronary arteries arise from the root of the aorta

Answer 36

- Left coronary artery - Right coronary artery

Question 37

What is myocardial ischemia

Answer 37

- **Partial** obstruction of coronary artery - Decreasing oxygen supply tissue - "angina pectoris"

Question 38

What is Myocardial infarction (MI)

Answer 38

- sometimes called infarct - **complete** obstruction of coronary artery - causes death of heart tissue

Question 39

The heart's ability to pump depends on:

Answer 39

- Initiating and conducting electrical impulses - Synchronous myocardial contraction

Question 40

What is Excitability

Answer 40

ability to respond to stimuli

Question 41

What is inherent rhythmicity

Answer 41

initiation of spontaneous electrical impulse

Question 42

Conductivity

Answer 42

spreads impulses quickly

Question 43

Contractility

Question 44

What is the refractory period

Answer 44

Time period myocardium cannot be stimulate

Question 45

How long does the refractory period last?

Answer 45

250 milliseconds; nearly as long as systole

Question 46

What is the the vascular system composed of?

Answer 46

- Systemic vasculature - Pulmonary vasculature

Question 47

The sum of all opposing forces to blood flow through the systemic circulation. Change in pressure from beginning to end of system divided by flow

Answer 47

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

Question 48

The sum of all opposing to blood flow through the pulmonary circulation

Answer 48

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

Question 49

What is the normal MAP

Answer 49

80- 100 mm Hg

Question 50

What happens if MAP falls below 60 mm Hg

Answer 50

- Perfusion to brain and kidneys is severely compromised - Organ failure may occur in minutes