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Topics of Respiratory Care > Ch. 10 Eagans Test 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 10 Eagans Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The heart is hollow, ___ chambers, muscular, roughly ______ sized

A

4;
fist

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2
Q

Where does the heart lie between?

A

Just behind the sternum, 2/3 lie to the left, between the 2nd through 6th ribs

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3
Q

Where is the apex located at?

A

5th intercostal space

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4
Q

___________ _______ (______) make the boundaries of the heart chambers

A

Surface grooves (sulci)

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5
Q

Pericardium is a

A

double-walled sac enclosing heart

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6
Q

Pericardium’s structure consist of (2)

A
  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Serous pericardium
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7
Q

Tough, loose-fitting, and inelastic sac surrounding the heart

A

Fibrous pericardium

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8
Q

Serous pericardium consists of 2 layers. What are they?

A
  • Parietal layer
  • Visceral layer
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9
Q

Parietal layer is the inner lining

A

of the fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

Visceral layer or epicardium covers the

A

outer surface of the heart and great vessels

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11
Q

Thin layer of fluid separating parietal and visceral pericardium is called

A

Pericardial fluid

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12
Q

Pericardial fluid helps minimize friction during

A

contraction and expansion

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13
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium is called

A

pericarditis

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14
Q

Abnormal amount of accumulated fluid between layers is referred to as

A

Pericardial effusion

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15
Q

A large pericardial effusion may ___________ the pumping function of the heart, ______________ the heart muscles, leading to a serious __________ in blood flow to the ______, and may lead to ________ and death

A

lessen;
compresses;
decrease;
body;
shock

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16
Q

What is a cardiac tamponande?

A

Large pericardial effusion may affect pumping function

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17
Q

A cardiac tamponade should be suspected in pts presenting w/ (7)

A
  • Hypotension
  • JVD
  • Muffle heart sounds
  • Tachycardia
  • Tachypnea
  • Narrowing pulse pressures
  • Severe Dyspnea
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18
Q

The heart wall is composed of 3 layers, What are they?

A
  • Outer: epicardium
  • Middle: Myocardium
  • Inner: Endocardium
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19
Q

Which layer comprises the bulk of the heart and is composed of muscle tissue

A

Myocardium

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20
Q

_______________ forms the continuous tissue w/ blood vessless

A

Epicardium

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21
Q

Ventricle contraction forces valves to close

A

preventing backflow into the atria

22
Q

Heart forms 4 muscular chambers

A
  • Upper chambers, right and left atria
  • Lower chambers, right and left ventricles (responsible for forward movement of blood)
23
Q

________________ is the backflow of blood through a malfunctioning leaky valve

A

Regurgitation

24
Q

Stenosis is a pathologic narrowing or constriction of a valve outlet, which causes

A

blood to back up and increased pressure in the proximal chambers and vessels

25
Q

What side of the heart does regurgitation often happen on?

A

Left

26
Q

Atrioventricular valves (AV) lie between

A

atria and ventricles

27
Q

Tricuspid valve is at the

A

right atrium exit

28
Q

Mitral valve at the

A

left atrium exit

29
Q

Semilunar valves consist of

A

three half-moon shaped cusps

30
Q

Semilunar valves separate ventricles from their

A

arterial outflow tracts, pulmonary artery and aorta

31
Q

What is the blood flow through the heart (14)

A
  1. SVC/IVC
  2. Right Atrium
  3. Tricuspid valve
  4. Right ventricle
  5. Pulmonary semilunar valve
  6. Pulmonary artery
  7. Lungs
  8. Pulmonary veins
  9. Left atrium
  10. Bicuspid valve
  11. Left ventricle
  12. Aortic valve
  13. Aorta
  14. Body
32
Q

When the ventricles are contracting the semilunar valves are

A

opening and the av valves are closing

33
Q

When the ______ contracts the the AV valve are ___________ and the semilunar valves are ________.

A

atria;
opening;
closing

34
Q

Systole ( _______ _____________): valves open, allowing _____________ ejection into the Arties

A

cardiac contraction;
ventricular

35
Q

When valves close, preventing back flow of blood into ventricles

A

Diastole

36
Q

What are the 2 main coronary arteries arise from the root of the aorta

A
  • Left coronary artery
  • Right coronary artery
37
Q

What is myocardial ischemia

A
  • Partial obstruction of coronary artery
  • Decreasing oxygen supply tissue
  • “angina pectoris”
38
Q

What is Myocardial infarction (MI)

A
  • sometimes called infarct
  • complete obstruction of coronary artery
  • causes death of heart tissue
39
Q

The heart’s ability to pump depends on:

A
  • Initiating and conducting electrical impulses
  • Synchronous myocardial contraction
40
Q

What is Excitability

A

ability to respond to stimuli

41
Q

What is inherent rhythmicity

A

initiation of spontaneous electrical impulse

42
Q

Conductivity

A

spreads impulses quickly

43
Q

Contractility

A
44
Q

What is the refractory period

A

Time period myocardium cannot be stimulate

45
Q

How long does the refractory period last?

A

250 milliseconds; nearly as long as systole

46
Q

What is the the vascular system composed of?

A
  • Systemic vasculature
  • Pulmonary vasculature
47
Q

The sum of all opposing forces to blood flow through the systemic circulation. Change in pressure from beginning to end of system divided by flow

A

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

48
Q

The sum of all opposing to blood flow through the pulmonary circulation

A

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

49
Q

What is the normal MAP

A

80- 100 mm Hg

50
Q

What happens if MAP falls below 60 mm Hg

A
  • Perfusion to brain and kidneys is severely compromised
  • Organ failure may occur in minutes

Topics of Respiratory Care (20 decks)

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