Ch. 17: Animals and Evolution Flashcards
1
Q
Define invertebrate:
A
No backbone
2
Q
Define vertebrate:
A
With backbone
3
Q
4 t;hings all animals share in common:
A
- Multicellular, no cell wall
- Heterotrophic
- Blastula stage
- Cells secrete and bind to extracellular matrix
4
Q
What is blastula?
A
beginning of animal embryo, Sphere of cells surrounding a fluid filled cavity
5
Q
What is extracellular matrix?
A
Substance of proteins and other things to help cell move
6
Q
Radial symmetry:
A
multiple similar parts around a central axis (sea stars)
7
Q
Bilateral symmetry:
A
One plane can divide animal into two mirror images (humans)
8
Q
Cephalization:
hint: C for cranium
A
Main organs mainly at head, allows organism to evaluate and respond to environment
9
Q
Gastrula:
A
cup shape, 2 or 3 layer formation of blastula folds into
10
Q
Ectoderm:
A
outer tissue l ayer
11
Q
Endoderm:
A
inner layer
12
Q
Mesoderm:
A
third layer between ectoderm and endoderm
13
Q
Jellyfish have mesoderm:
A
false
14
Q
Cycle of animal embryo:
A
- Blastula folds into gastrula where the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm (in some annimals) begin to form
- Formation of digestive tract
15
Q
Protostomes:
A
organisms where the blastospore is formed at the mouth
16
Q
Deuterostomes:
A
blastospore is formed at the anus first
17
Q
Coelom (SEAloam):
A
fluid filled body cavity that forms within the mesoderm
18
Q
Animals that have coelom:
A
earthworms, snails, sea stars
19
Q
Animals that have pseudocoelom:
A
roundworms, nermatodes
20
Q
Pseudocoelom:
A
cavity lined partly with mesoderm and endoderm
21
Q
Flatworms lack a coelom (T/F):
A
True
22
Q
Incomplete digestive tract:
A
mouth takes in food and rejects waste
ex: cnidarians and flatworms
23
Q
Gastrovascular cavity:
A
digestion occurs here, secretes digestive enzymes and distributes nutrients about the body
24
Q
Where does digestion occur for organisms with an incomplete digestive tract:
A
gastrovascular cavity
25
Segmentation:
division of body into parts
26
What phylum do sponges belong in?
Porifera (pore-bearers)
27
How do sponges differ from the rest of the animal kingdom?
cells do not form tissues
28
Habitat of sponges?
Aquatic, marine and freshwater
29
Is a sponge's body radially symmetrical or asymmetrical?
Both
30
Describe the body structure of sponges:
1. Radially symmetrical or asymmetrical
2. Hallow with pores
3. Cells in a jelly like matrix
4. collar cells line the inner surface
5. Water moves into pores
6. Amoebocytes (digest, distribute, and secrete)
31
How do sponges feed?
Feed on microscopic particles through their pores
32
Support and movement of sponges:
support by protein fibers and sharp spicules, may remain anchored or move slowly
33
7 characteristics of sponges:
1. Organization: cellular
2. Symmetry: assymetrical or radial
3. Cephalization: absent
4. Coelom: absent
5. Digestive tract: absent
6. Segmentation: absent
7. Body structure: poures
34
All sponges live in the marine habitat (T/F):
False, some live in freshwater
35
Phylum that contains stinning plants:
Cnidaria
36
Cnidarians all share the ability to:
sting predators
37
Habitat of cnidarians:
aquatic, mostly marine but can be in fresh water
38
Characteristics of cnidarians body structure:
1. Radially symmetrical
2. One opening, mouth, surrounded by tentacles
3. stalk holds tentacles upward in polyp
4. tentacles dangle downward in medusa (jellyfish)
5. Both body forms, mouth leads to gastrovascular cavity
39
This body form of cnidarian has upward tentacles:
polyp
40
This body form of cnidarian has downwoard tentacles:
medusa
41
Types of cnidarians:
1. Sessile polyps
| 2. Hydras and jellyfishes
42
Cnidarians are herbivores (T/F):
False, carnivores
43
Tentacles of cnidarians that inject venom into victim:
cnidocytes
44
7 Characteristics of Cnidarians:
1. Tissue
2. Radial symmetry
3. No cephalization
4. No coelom
5. Incomplete digestion
6. No segmentation
7. Stinging cells
45
Tunicates and lancelets have vertebrae (T/F):
False, no vertebrae
46
Sessile marine animals, bag with two siphons:
tunicates
47
small, eyeless fish with translucent bodies
Lancelets
48
Characteristics of hagfishes and lampreys:
1. Long bodies with gills
2. special sense organs near head
3. Mouth lack jaws
4. Cranium
49
This organism looks like an eel:
hagfish
50
Hagfish are vertebrates (T/F):
false
51
Lampreys are vertebrates (T/F):
True
52
Most diverse and abundant of vertebrates:
fish
53
Two major groups of fishes:
1. Carilaginous
| 2. Bony
54
This type of fish has skeleton made of cartilage:
cartilaginous
55
Example of cartilaginous fish:
sharks
56
Sense organ that detects vibration nearby in water:
lateral line
57
This group of fish encompass 96% of existing fish species:
bony
58
Two classes of bony fish:
1. Ray-finned
| 2. Lobe-finned
59
Fan-shaped finned fish with thin tissue supported by rays of bone
Ray-finned fishes
60
Bony fish with fleshy paired fins of bone and muscle
lobe-finned
61
Fish have lungs, absent, and amnion (T/F):
False, except lungfish have lungs
62
Meaning of amphibian:
double life
63
How do amphibians help the ecosystem?
Control algae, insects, and disease
64
3 lineages of amphibians:
1. Frogs
2. Salamanders/newts
3. Caecilians
65
Salamanders resemble lizards by having:
tail and four legs
66
Caecilians are limbless and resemble giant earthworms (T/F):
True
67
Amphibians are carnivores (T/F):
true
68
The term reptile can be used to describe birds (T/F):
True
69
What dominated life during the mesozoic era?
Reptiles
70
Dinosaurs are NOT reptiles:
false
71
Adaptations of reptiles that allow them to live on land:
1. Tough scales
2. Kidneys excrete small amounts of water to reduce water loss
3. Internal fertilization and amniotic eggs
4. Greater lung capacity
72
Unique characteristic of nonavian reptiles:
ectothermic
73
Nonavian reptiles:
Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians
74
What allows turtles to thrive?
Shell
75
Birds, dinosaurs, and crocodilians belong to the reptilian group:
archosaurs
76
Most familiar vertebrates:
mammals
77
Structures that secrete milk in the female:
mammary glands
78
What is hair composed of?
Keratin
79
Two subclasses of mammals:
1. Monotremes
| 2. Marsupials
80
Characteristic of monotremes:
Lay eggs
81
Characterstic of marsupials:
birth to immature young
82
What are placental mammals?
young develop in female's uterus
83
What connects the maternal and fetal circulatory systems?
Placenta
84
Animals called ____ have radial symmetry, gastrovascular cavity, and body composed of a layer of ectoderm and a layer of endoderm:
Cnidarians
85
During the mesozoic era, most mammals were:
small
86
Monotremes ___ while marsupials ___
1. lay eggs
| 2. live bearing
87
Manatees, whales, seals, and hippos are placental mammals (T/F)?
True
88
Are lancelets and tunicates invertebrate chordates?
Yes
89
Two subphyla of invertebrate chordates:
1. Tunicates
| 2. Lancelets
90
Characteristics of tunicates:
1. Bag with two siphons
2. Cilia pull water into one siphon
3. Extracts oxygen, water, and food through other siphone
4. Tunic covering protects the body
5. Free-swimming tunicate larva has all four chordate characteristics
91
Characteristics of lanceletes:
1. small, eyeless, clear body
2. shallow seas
3. mouth extends to water
4. feed by filtering food particles
5. Display all four major characteristics of chordate
6. bury lower bodies in sediment
7. simple muscular system
92
4 major characteristics of chordate:
1. Notochord
2. Dorsal, hallow nerve cord
3. Pharyngeal slits
4. Postanal tail
93
Notochord:
flexible rod, extends across chordate's back, may be replaced by backbone
94
Dorsal, hallow nerve cord:
parallel to notochord, develops into spinal cord, enlarges at head, forms brain
95
Pharyngeal slits:
puches in pharyx, musculur tube begins at back of mouth,
96
Postanal tail:
muscular tail, past the anus
97
What is cranium?
Catilage or bony rich case sur`rounding the head
98
Characteristics of lampreys:
1. cartilage around nerve cord
2. vertebrates
3. suckers
4.
99
Chordates that have jaws, vertebrae, gills, and fins are called:
fish
100
Where can you find fish?
Frigid and salty waters, rivers, and lakes
101
Characteristics of fish that affected vertebrate evolution:
segmented backbone, robust fins that evolved into limbs, jaws
102
Charcteristics of cartilaginous fishes:
lateral line organ, gills, skeleton made of cartilage, jaws
103
Types of cartilaginous fish:
skates, rays, sharks
104
Are eels, tuna, or lungfish cartilaginous fish?
no
105
What type of organ is the lateral line in fish?
Sensory
106
What type of fish is most numerous among all fishes?
Bony
107
2 classes of bony fish:
Lobe and ray finned
108
Are lungfish and coelacanth ray finned fish?
No
109
Type of fish with fleshy fins?
lobe finned
110
Do amphibians need to keep their skin moist?
Yes
111
Reasons why amphibians are tied to fresh water:
Gas exchange across skin, eggs without shells or protective membranes, larvae use gills for repiration
112
Are lizards amphibians?
no
113
Are newts and caecilians amphibian?
yes
114
Groups of reptiles not involved during mesozoic era?
Terrestrial tortises and aquatic crocodiles
115
Reptile production adaptions to dry conditions:
1. amniotic egg
| 2. internal fertilization
116
These types of animals rely on environmental temperature to maintain internal body temperature:
Ectothermic
117
most nonavian reptiles are:
snakes and lizards
118
Characteristics of turtles:
1. Shell is integral part of skeleton
2. both marine and freshwater species
3. Originated in the trassic peiod
