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BIO 189 > Ch. 15: Microbial Life > Flashcards

Ch. 15: Microbial Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe possible pathways to a cell:

A
  1. Simple chemicals exist in a watery environment
  2. Chemicals form into organic molecules
  3. Organic molecules form into polymers
  4. Relationship between polymers, RNA encodes proteins while lipids form spheres
  5. Formation of cell by lipids forming around RNA and proteins
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2
Q

Define abiogenesis:

A

a thought that living organisms arose from non-living organic molecules

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3
Q

What is the significance of the Urey-Miller experiment and how did it work?

A

Proved the possibility of amino acid formation in the Earth’s atmosphere in the past.
Water, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen were enclosed while water vapor and electricity was provided then the the vapor was cooled and organic molecules were collected.

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4
Q

What is the replicator first hypothesis on abiogenesis?

A

Replicator first: molecules with the ability to make copies of themselves

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5
Q

How can a clay-based environment support polymer formation? (5 steps)

A
  1. Clay surface has a positive charge which binds to negative adenine molecules
  2. Adenines link through sugar-phosphate bonds
  3. Adenines attract uracils
  4. Uracils link through sugar-phosphate bonds and form hydrogen bonds with adenines
  5. The double strand is released
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6
Q

Describe the replicator first hypotheses on abiogenesis:

A

life started with molecules able to make copies of themselves

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7
Q

Describe the metabolism first hypotheses on abiogenesis:

A

Life started as a set of self-sustaining chemical reactions (metabolism) (cycle)

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8
Q

What are two hypotheses regarding abiogenesis?

A

replicator first and metabolism first.

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9
Q

Steps in RNA world hypothesis (replicator first):

A
  1. RNA forms from inorganic sources
  2. RNA self-replicates via ribozymes
  3. RNA starts protein synthesis
  4. Internal chemistry formation changes due to membrane formation
  5. RNA codes DNA and proteins
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10
Q

Describe the metabolism first inputs and outputs

A

Inputs: CO2, H2
reductive citric acid cycle
Outputs: Acetate, H2O

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11
Q

What gave cyanobacteria an evolutionary advantage?

A

Photosynthesis

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12
Q

Describe the calvin cycle:

A

Using CO2 and H2O to create sugars (glucose)

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13
Q

How did photosynthesis change the Earth’s atmosphere?

A

CO2 dropped, O2 rose

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14
Q

What are three forms of microbes?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Protists

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15
Q

What are three forms of microbes?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Protists

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16
Q

Domain Archaea is most similar with _____ domain.

A

Eukarya

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17
Q

Characteristics of bacteria:

A
  1. Cell wall composed of: peptidoglycan
  2. Fatty acid membranes
  3. Use chlorophyll
  4. Does not generate methane
  5. Sensitive to streptomycin
  6. No introns in genes
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18
Q

Characteristics of archaea:

A
  1. Cell wall: no peptidoglycan
  2. Membrane: nonfatty
  3. No chlorophyll
  4. Generate methane
  5. Insensitive to streptomycin
  6. Genes may contain introns
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19
Q

Similarities between bacteria and archaea:

A
  1. No nucleus
  2. Ribosomes, no membrane bound organelles
  3. Same size 1-10 um
  4. Circular chromosome
  5. Predominantly unicellular
  6. Some can fix nitrogen gas into solid form
  7. Some can grow at 80 deg. C
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20
Q

Spherical shaped prokaryotes:

A

Cocus

Ex: Staphaureus

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21
Q

What area of Earth can you find bacteria?

A

Everywhere!

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22
Q

What is the name of asexual reproduction Bacteria undergoes?

A

Binary Fission

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23
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

Community of bacterial cells

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24
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

Community of bacterial cells

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25
Q

How can you classify different bacteria?

A

Based on cell wall

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26
Q

Flagella vs. Pili:

A

Flagellum, rigid, propeller motion, protein tail

Pilus: hair-like, on the surface, transfer genetic material

27
Q

Are bacteria autotrophs or heterotrophs?

A

Both

28
Q

Phototrophs vs. Chemotrophs:

A

Phototrophs: perform photosynthesis

Chemotrophs: perform redox reactions with inorganic or organic molecules

29
Q

Phototrophs vs. Chemotrophs:

A

Phototrophs: perform photosynthesis

Chemotrophs: perform redox reactions with inorganic or organic molecules

30
Q

What elements does anaerobic bacteria use?

A

Nitrate, sulfate, or carbon dioxide

31
Q

Obligate aerobes need:

A

O2

32
Q

Obligate anaerobe:

A

O2 is toxic

33
Q

Facultative anaerobe:

A

O2 has no effect

34
Q

Spore:

A

formed in unfavorable conditions

35
Q

4 Phases of bacterial growth

A
  1. Lag phase: adapt and slow growth
  2. Log (exponential)phase: adapt and explode in number
  3. Stationary: low resources, deaths = reproduction
  4. Death: no resources, population crashes
36
Q

How many chromosomes do most bacteria have?

A

One

37
Q

Plasmids:

A

small, circle DNA

38
Q

Plasmids:

A

small, circle DNA

39
Q

Transformation:

A

ability to pick up DNA and genetic material then adding it to plasmids

40
Q

Competence:

A

conditions in which a bacteria picks up genetic material

41
Q

Transduction:

A

bacteria transfers through virus

42
Q

Diatoms and their characteristics:

A

unicellular algae, 2-part silica cell walls (shoebox and lid), brown/yellow/green, moist habitats

43
Q

What type of habitat do diatoms live in?

A

Moist

44
Q

What are ciliates used for?

A

Movement, obtaining food

45
Q

What are the uses of diatoms in everyday life?

A

Reflective paints, polishes, toothpaste, swimming pool filters

46
Q

Describe the 4 step process of plants coming to land:

A
  1. Photosynthesis releases sulfur
  2. Photosynthesis releases oxygen
  3. Rise of aerobic organisms
  4. Rise of land plants
47
Q

Two types of slime molds:

A
  1. Cellular

2. Plasmodial

48
Q

Two reasons why taxonomists want to reorganize some speicies in kingdom protista into new taxa:

A
  1. Molecular data reveal that: protists consist of dozens of groups with unclear evolutionary relationships
  2. The kingdom protista doesn’t fit into fungi, animals, plants
49
Q

Marine algae that are multicellular and include kelp:

A

brown algae

50
Q

Spores produced by basidiomycota:

A

sexual, club-shaped

51
Q

spores produced by ascomycota:

A

sexual, sacs

52
Q

spores produced by glomeromycota:

A

asexual, large, distinctive

53
Q

spores produced by zygomycota:

A

thick-wall zygospores

54
Q

spores produced by chytridiomycota:

A

gametes, flagella

55
Q

What is transduction:

A

transfer of genetic material between bacteria vs virus

56
Q

What is conjugation:

A

genetic material exchanged between bacteria via pili

57
Q

3 ways bacteria can interact with other organisms:

A

mutualistic, commensalistic, parasitic

58
Q

Mutualistic/symbiotic interaction:

A

Bacteria and host benefit from interaction

59
Q

Example of symbiotic relationship

A

Mitochondria: endosymbiotic theory

60
Q

Functions of gut flora:

A
  1. digest
  2. train the immune system
  3. prevent harmful bacteria
  4. regulate production of important fat-storing hormones
61
Q

What is a commensalistic interaction:

A

One benefits, the other stays neutral

62
Q

This algae is large and lives in deep waters:

A

red algae

63
Q

Protists that share the most similarities with plants

A

Green algae

64
Q

What decomposes plants and animals in moist environments?

A

Water molds

BIO 189 (13 decks)

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