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BIO 189 > Ch. 15: Microbial Life > Flashcards

Ch. 15: Microbial Life Flashcards

1
Q

Describe possible pathways to a cell:

A
  1. Simple chemicals exist in a watery environment
  2. Chemicals form into organic molecules
  3. Organic molecules form into polymers
  4. Relationship between polymers, RNA encodes proteins while lipids form spheres
  5. Formation of cell by lipids forming around RNA and proteins
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2
Q

Define abiogenesis:

A

a thought that living organisms arose from non-living organic molecules

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3
Q

What is the significance of the Urey-Miller experiment and how did it work?

A

Proved the possibility of amino acid formation in the Earth’s atmosphere in the past.
Water, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen were enclosed while water vapor and electricity was provided then the the vapor was cooled and organic molecules were collected.

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4
Q

What is the replicator first hypothesis on abiogenesis?

A

Replicator first: molecules with the ability to make copies of themselves

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5
Q

How can a clay-based environment support polymer formation? (5 steps)

A
  1. Clay surface has a positive charge which binds to negative adenine molecules
  2. Adenines link through sugar-phosphate bonds
  3. Adenines attract uracils
  4. Uracils link through sugar-phosphate bonds and form hydrogen bonds with adenines
  5. The double strand is released
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6
Q

Describe the replicator first hypotheses on abiogenesis:

A

life started with molecules able to make copies of themselves

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7
Q

Describe the metabolism first hypotheses on abiogenesis:

A

Life started as a set of self-sustaining chemical reactions (metabolism) (cycle)

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8
Q

What are two hypotheses regarding abiogenesis?

A

replicator first and metabolism first.

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9
Q

Steps in RNA world hypothesis (replicator first):

A
  1. RNA forms from inorganic sources
  2. RNA self-replicates via ribozymes
  3. RNA starts protein synthesis
  4. Internal chemistry formation changes due to membrane formation
  5. RNA codes DNA and proteins
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10
Q

Describe the metabolism first inputs and outputs

A

Inputs: CO2, H2
reductive citric acid cycle
Outputs: Acetate, H2O

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11
Q

What gave cyanobacteria an evolutionary advantage?

A

Photosynthesis

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12
Q

Describe the calvin cycle:

A

Using CO2 and H2O to create sugars (glucose)

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13
Q

How did photosynthesis change the Earth’s atmosphere?

A

CO2 dropped, O2 rose

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14
Q

What are three forms of microbes?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Protists

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15
Q

What are three forms of microbes?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Protists

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16
Q

Domain Archaea is most similar with _____ domain.

A

Eukarya

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17
Q

Characteristics of bacteria:

A
  1. Cell wall composed of: peptidoglycan
  2. Fatty acid membranes
  3. Use chlorophyll
  4. Does not generate methane
  5. Sensitive to streptomycin
  6. No introns in genes
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18
Q

Characteristics of archaea:

A
  1. Cell wall: no peptidoglycan
  2. Membrane: nonfatty
  3. No chlorophyll
  4. Generate methane
  5. Insensitive to streptomycin
  6. Genes may contain introns
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19
Q

Similarities between bacteria and archaea:

A
  1. No nucleus
  2. Ribosomes, no membrane bound organelles
  3. Same size 1-10 um
  4. Circular chromosome
  5. Predominantly unicellular
  6. Some can fix nitrogen gas into solid form
  7. Some can grow at 80 deg. C
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20
Q

Spherical shaped prokaryotes:

A

Cocus

Ex: Staphaureus

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21
Q

What area of Earth can you find bacteria?

A

Everywhere!

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22
Q

What is the name of asexual reproduction Bacteria undergoes?

A

Binary Fission

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23
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

Community of bacterial cells

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24
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

Community of bacterial cells

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25
How can you classify different bacteria?
Based on cell wall
26
Flagella vs. Pili:
Flagellum, rigid, propeller motion, protein tail Pilus: hair-like, on the surface, transfer genetic material
27
Are bacteria autotrophs or heterotrophs?
Both
28
Phototrophs vs. Chemotrophs:
Phototrophs: perform photosynthesis Chemotrophs: perform redox reactions with inorganic or organic molecules
29
Phototrophs vs. Chemotrophs:
Phototrophs: perform photosynthesis Chemotrophs: perform redox reactions with inorganic or organic molecules
30
What elements does anaerobic bacteria use?
Nitrate, sulfate, or carbon dioxide
31
Obligate aerobes need:
O2
32
Obligate anaerobe:
O2 is toxic
33
Facultative anaerobe:
O2 has no effect
34
Spore:
formed in unfavorable conditions
35
4 Phases of bacterial growth
1. Lag phase: adapt and slow growth 2. Log (exponential)phase: adapt and explode in number 3. Stationary: low resources, deaths = reproduction 4. Death: no resources, population crashes
36
How many chromosomes do most bacteria have?
One
37
Plasmids:
small, circle DNA
38
Plasmids:
small, circle DNA
39
Transformation:
ability to pick up DNA and genetic material then adding it to plasmids
40
Competence:
conditions in which a bacteria picks up genetic material
41
Transduction:
bacteria transfers through virus
42
Diatoms and their characteristics:
unicellular algae, 2-part silica cell walls (shoebox and lid), brown/yellow/green, moist habitats
43
What type of habitat do diatoms live in?
Moist
44
What are ciliates used for?
Movement, obtaining food
45
What are the uses of diatoms in everyday life?
Reflective paints, polishes, toothpaste, swimming pool filters
46
Describe the 4 step process of plants coming to land:
1. Photosynthesis releases sulfur 2. Photosynthesis releases oxygen 3. Rise of aerobic organisms 4. Rise of land plants
47
Two types of slime molds:
1. Cellular | 2. Plasmodial
48
Two reasons why taxonomists want to reorganize some speicies in kingdom protista into new taxa:
1. Molecular data reveal that: protists consist of dozens of groups with unclear evolutionary relationships 2. The kingdom protista doesn't fit into fungi, animals, plants
49
Marine algae that are multicellular and include kelp:
brown algae
50
Spores produced by basidiomycota:
sexual, club-shaped
51
spores produced by ascomycota:
sexual, sacs
52
spores produced by glomeromycota:
asexual, large, distinctive
53
spores produced by zygomycota:
thick-wall zygospores
54
spores produced by chytridiomycota:
gametes, flagella
55
What is transduction:
transfer of genetic material between bacteria vs virus
56
What is conjugation:
genetic material exchanged between bacteria via pili
57
3 ways bacteria can interact with other organisms:
mutualistic, commensalistic, parasitic
58
Mutualistic/symbiotic interaction:
Bacteria and host benefit from interaction
59
Example of symbiotic relationship
Mitochondria: endosymbiotic theory
60
Functions of gut flora:
1. digest 2. train the immune system 3. prevent harmful bacteria 4. regulate production of important fat-storing hormones
61
What is a commensalistic interaction:
One benefits, the other stays neutral
62
This algae is large and lives in deep waters:
red algae
63
Protists that share the most similarities with plants
Green algae
64
What decomposes plants and animals in moist environments?
Water molds

BIO 189 (13 decks)

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