ch 17

Question 1

what were the first cells on earth?

Answer 1

prokaryotes

Question 1

how many chromosomes do prokaryotes contain?

Answer 1

one, ring-shaped

Question 2

What are the two prokaryotic domains?

Answer 2

Bacteria and archaea

Question 3

three most common shapes of prokaryotes

Answer 3

coccus, bacillus, spirilum

Question 4

coccus

Answer 4

spherical

Question 5

bacillus

Answer 5

rod-shaped

Question 6

spirilum

Answer 6

spiral

Question 7

cell wall

Answer 7

contain peptidoglycan (Archaea polysaccharides &
proteins, no peptidoglycan)

Question 8

Nucleoid

Answer 8

region where DNA resides

Question 9

capsule

Answer 9

secreted outside the cell wall; sometimes causes cells to be sticky

Question 10

pili (pilus)

Answer 10

enables cell to adhere to objects; aids in DNA transfer

Question 11

flagella

Answer 11

in some bacteria; motility

Question 12

plasmids

Answer 12

smaller rings of DNA; transferred many times between bacteria; may also add in resistance to anitbiotics and other special processes

Question 13

4 types of asexual reproduction

Answer 13

binary fission, transformation, conjugation, transduction

Question 14

transformation

Answer 14

prokaryotic cell takes up genes from surrounding environments; even between different species (horizontal gene transfer)

Question 15

conjugation

Answer 15

direct transfer from one to another; connect by special pilus; form cytoplasmic bridge

Question 16

transduction

Answer 16

viruses transfer from one prokaryote to another

Question 17

3 ways genetic variation can be due to

Answer 17

rapid reproduction, mutations, and genetic combination

Question 18

what is the major source for genetic variation?

Answer 18

mutation

Question 19

endospores

Answer 19

helps bacteria survive harsh conditions, surround DNA with a hard shell, can remain dormant for centuries

Question 20

2 major groups of bacteria

Answer 20

chemoheterotrophs and photoautotrophs

Question 21

chemoheterotrophs

Answer 21

the traditional bacteria; obtain energy from the absorption of organic molecules

Question 22

Photoautotrophs

Answer 22

the cyanobacteria; metabolize their own source of fuel through the sun’s energy

Question 23

saprobes

Answer 23

bacteria that absorb nutrients through their cell wall

Question 24

parasites

Answer 24

they live on or within living hosts

Question 25

what causes about half of human disease?

Answer 25

prokaryotes

Question 26

aerobic

Answer 26

requires oxygen and utilizes aerobic metabolic pathways to burn fuel

Question 27

Anaerobic 2 types

Answer 27

Obligate anaerobes and Facultative anaerobes

Question 28

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 28

oxygen is toxic

Question 29

Falcultative anaerobes

Answer 29

can respire with or without oxygen

Question 30

What are cyanobacteria TYPICALLY known as?

Answer 30

Blue-green algae, not true algae, some can be red

Question 31

What were the first photosynthetic organisms on Earth?

Answer 31

cyanobacteria: 3 billion years old, built up ozone layer

Question 32

Does archaea share more traits with eukarya or bacteria

Answer 32

eukarya

Question 33

Is archaea more in number than bacteria?

Answer 33

no

Question 34

where is archaea found

Answer 34

extreme environments

Question 35

salt archea

Answer 35

halophiles

Question 36

what type of bacteria is disease-causing

Answer 36

heterotrophic

Question 37

heterotrophic bacteria are decomposers which are

Answer 37

an essential component to ecosystems

Question 38

bioremediation

Answer 38

(heterotrophs) used to clean up biohazards created by humans

Question 39

antibiotics

Answer 39

(heterotrophs) source to treat disease