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Biology 2 > ch 12 > Flashcards

ch 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

definition of evolution

A

descent of organisms with modification over long periods of time

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2
Q

True or false: evolution occurs in individuals

A

false

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3
Q

Microevolution and an example

A

refers to small generational changes ex. pesticide resistance

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4
Q

Macroevolution and an example

A

refers to similar changes over long periods of time and can result in a new species ex. dinosaurs to birds

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4
Q

Who is the father of evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

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5
Q

What did Aristotle recognize?

A

All organisms are ranged from very simple to complex, all members of a species were usually created identical to one another, believed for 2000 years

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6
Q

Georges-Louis Buffon was one of the first to believe that…

A

closely related species arose from a common ancestor and were changing over time

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7
Q

What theory did James Hutton propose /Charles Lyell made popular and what did it mean?

A

Uniformitarianism: changes to the earth’s geology have resulted from continuous processes such as sedimentation and erosion

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8
Q

What is James Hutton Considered?

A

Father of Geology

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9
Q

Who was the first to conduct the first detailed study of fossils?

A

Georges Cuvier

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10
Q

What did Georges Cuvier confirm?

A

life evolved from simple to more complex forms

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11
Q

What theory did Georges Cuvier come up with and what did it mean?

A

Catastrophism: global catastrophies caused widespread extinctions of species on Earth, species were replaced by a new set of species, most geological formations were caused by catastrophies

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12
Q

Who created the Principle of Superposition and what was it?

A

Georges Cuvier: fossils below are older than fossils above

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13
Q

Who proposed the first scientifically testable theory of evolution?

A

Jean Baptiste de Lemarck

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14
Q

What did Jean Baptiste suggest?

A

Transformational Evolution: suggested that fossils were ancestors of living species and features had modified over time in response to changes in environment

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15
Q

What are the three major views of earths changes and what do they mean?

A
  1. Catastrophism: catastrophic events are responsible for mass extinctions and formations
  2. Gradualism: small increments of changes are made to Earth over long periods of time
  3. Uniformitarianism: continuous processes that are still occurring today cause great change over time
16
Q

Who was the first to propose natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin

17
Q

What does the Galapagos Finch signify?

A

Descent with Modification

18
Q

What was Darwin’s book named?

A

The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

19
Q

Who had the same idea and pressured Darwin to publish his book?

A

Wallace

20
Q

Who Influenced Darwin and how?

A

Thomas Malthus with his Essay on the Principle of Population

21
Q

Thomas Malthus 3 Influences on Population

A
  1. Environment
  2. Catastrophies
  3. Food availability
22
Q

3 principles in Nature for All Organisms

A

A. characteristics are inherited from parent to offspring
B. More offspring are produced than are able to survive
C. Offspring are different from each other in regard to characteristics and variations which are inherited

23
Q

3 Logical Points of Natural Selection

A

Hereditary: within a species, no two are alike
Limited Resources: each habitat only has so much of a resource
Overproduction: more organisms are produced to ensure enough organisms survive

24
Q

True or False: natural selection can take place if the favorable trait is found in the entire population

A

false

25
Q

True or False: favorable traits depend on the environment

A

true

26
Q

True or False: natural selection does not make better organisms

A

true

27
Q

3 Natural Selection Observations:

A
  1. Struggle for existence (competition)
  2. Unequal ability for survival/reproduction
  3. Descent with modification
28
Q

4 Benefit of Natural Selection

A
  1. in unfavorable conditions, strongest tend to survive
  2. in limited resources, survive of the fittest survive
  3. during times of great competition for limited resources, stronger genes have an advantage
  4. natural selection of a population can produce new species
29
Q

species

A

organisms with similar characteristics capable of
interbreeding and producing viable offspring

30
Q

cline

A

a graded change in characteristics

31
Q

gene pool

A

all alleles in a generation, way evolution is detectable

32
Q

fixed allele

A

all members of a population homozygous for same allele

33
Q

Order of scientists (8)

A

Aristotle, Buffon, Hutton, Cuvier, Lamarck, Lyell, Darwin & Wallace

34
Q

evolution is a change in….

A

allele frequencies

Biology 2 (15 decks)

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