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Molecular Cell Biology > CH 16: The Cell Cycle - (Key Terms) > Flashcards

CH 16: The Cell Cycle - (Key Terms) Flashcards

1
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Anaphase

A

Phase of Mitosis during which Sister Chromatids SEPARATE + MOVE to OPPOSITE Poles of the Spindle.

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2
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome

(APC/C)

A

a Ubiquitin-Ligase that Triggers Progression from Metaphase to Anaphase by Signaling the Degradation of Cyclin B + Cohesins.

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3
Q

The CELL CYCLE

ATM

A

Protein Kinase that RECOGNIZES Damaged DNA + LEADS TO Cell Cycle ARREST.

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4
Q

The CELL CYCLE

ATR

A

Protein Kinase related to ATM that leads to Cell Cycle ARREST in Response to DNA damage.

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5
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Aurora Kinase

A

Family of Protein Kinase involved in Mitotic Spindle formation, Kinetochore Function,+ Cytokinesis.

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6
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Cdk

A

A member of a family of cyclin-dependent protein kinases that control the cell cycle of eukaryotes.

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7
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Cdk inhibitor

(CKI)

A

Member of a family of proteins that bind Cdk’s and inhibit their activity.

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8
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Cdk1

A

A protein-serine/threonine kinase that is a key regulator of mitosis in eukaryotic cells.

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9
Q

The CELL CYCLE

cell cycle checkpoint

A

A regulatory point that prevents entry into the next phase of the cell cycle until the events of the preceding phase have been completed.

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10
Q

The CELL CYCLE

centromere

A

A specialized chromosomal region that connects sister chromatids and attaches them to the mitotic spindle.

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11
Q

The CELL CYCLE

centrosome

A

The microtubule-organizing center in animal cells.

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12
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Checkpoint Kinase

A

Protein Kinase (Chk1 or Chk2) that BRINGS ABOUT Cell Cycle ARREST in response to Damaged DNA.

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13
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Chiasmata

A

Sites of Recombination that LINK Homologous Chromosomes during Meiosis.

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14
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Cohesin

A

Protein that MAINTAINS the CONNECTION b/t/n Sister Chromatids.

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15
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Condensin

A

Protein Complex that DRIVES Metaphase Chromosome Condensation.

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16
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Contractile Ring

A
  • Structure of Actin + Myosin II that Forms BENEATH the Plasma Membrane during Mitosis +
  • MEDIATES Cytokinesis.
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17
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Cyclin

A
  • Member of a Family of Proteins that REGULATE the Activity of Cdk’s +
  • CONTROL Progression through the Cell Cycle.
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18
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Cytokinesis

A

Division of a Cell following Mitosis or Meiosis.

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19
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Cytostatic Factor

(CSF)

A

Cytoplasmic Factor that ARRESTS Oocyte Meiosis @ Metaphase II.

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20
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Aurora Kinase

A

Family of Protein Kinase INVOLVED in:

  • Mitotic Spindle Formation
  • Kinetochore Function
  • Cytokinesis.
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21
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Cdk Inhibitor

(CKI)

A

Member of a Family of Proteins that:

  • BIND Cdk’s +
  • Inhibit their Activity
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22
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Cell Cycle Checkpoint

A

Regulatory Point that PREVENTS ENTRY into the Next Phase of the Cell Cycle UNTIL the Events of the preceding Phase have been Completed.

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23
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Centromere

A

Specialized Chromosomal Region that:

  • CONNECTS Sister Chromatids +
  • ATTACHES them to the Mitotic Spindle.
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24
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Centrosome

A

Microtubule-Organizing Center in Animal Cells.

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25
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Checkpoint Kinase

A

Protein Kinase (Chk1 or Chk2) that brings about Cell Cycle ARREST in Response to Damaged DNA.

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26
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Chiasmata

A

Sites of Recombination that LINK Homologous Chromosomes during Meiosis.

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27
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Cohesin

A

Protein that MAINTAINS Connection b/t/n Sister Chromatids.

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28
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Condensin

A

Protein Complex that drives Metaphase Chromosome Condensation.

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29
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Contractile Ring

A

Structure of Actin + Myosin II that Forms BENEATH the Plasma Membrane DURING Mitosis + MEDIATES Cytokinesis.

30
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Cyclin

A

Member of a Family of Proteins that REGULATE the Activity of Cdk’s + CONTROL Progression thru the Cell Cycle.

31
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Cytokinesis

A

Division of a Cell FOLLOWING Mitosis or Meiosis.

32
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Cytostatic Factor

(CSF)

A

Cytoplasmic Factor that ARRESTS Oocyte Meiosis @ Metaphase II.

33
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Diakinesis

A

Final Stage of Prophase of Meiosis I - during which:

  • the Chromosomes FULLY CONDENSE +
  • Cell Progresses to Metaphase.
34
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Diplotene

A

Stage of Mieosis I during which Homologous Chromosomes SEPARATE along their Length, but REMAIN associated @ Chiasmata.

35
Q

The CELL CYCLE

DNA Damage Checkpoint

A

Cell Cycle Checkpoint that ENSURE that Damaged DNA is NOT REPLICATED + PASSED on to Daughter Cells.

36
Q

The CELL CYCLE

E2F

A

Family of Transcription Factors that:

  • REGULATE the Expression of Genes involved in Cell Cycle Progression + DNA Replication.
37
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Fertilization

A

Union of a Sperm + an Egg.

38
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Flow Cytometer

A

Instrument that MEASURES Fluoresence Intensity of Individual Cells.

39
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter

A

Instrument that SORTS Individual Cells on the basis of their Fluorescence Intensity.

40
Q

The CELL CYCLE

G0

A

a Quiescent State in which Cells REMAIN Metabolically ACTIVE, but DO NOT Proliferate.

41
Q

The CELL CYCLE

G1 cyclin

(Cln)

A

Yeast Cyclin that CONTROLS Passage thru START.

42
Q

The CELL CYCLE

G1 phase

A

Phase of Cell Cycle b/t/n the End of Mitosis + the Beginning of DNA Synthesis.

43
Q

The CELL CYCLE

G2 phase

A

Phase of Cell Cycle b/t/n the End of S phase + the Beginning of Mitosis.

44
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Interphase

A

Period of the Cell Cycle b/t/n Mitoses that includes G1, S, + G2 phases.

45
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Kinetochore

A

Specialized Structure consisting of Proteins attached to a Centromere that MEDIATES the Attachment + Movement of Chromosomes along the Mitotic Spindle.

46
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Leptotene

A

Initial Stage of the Extended Prophase of Meiosis I during which Homologous Chromosomes PAIR BEFORE Condensation.

47
Q

The CELL CYCLE

M phase

A

Mitotic Phase of the Cell Cycle.

48
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Maturation Promoting Factor

(MPF)

A

Complex of Cdk1 + Cyclin B that PROMOTES ENTRY into M phase of either Mitosis or Meiosis.

49
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Meiosis

A

Division of Diploid Cells to Haploid Progeny, consisting of 2 Sequential Rounds of Nuclear + Cellular Division.

50
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Metaphase

A

Phase of Mitosis during which the Chromosomes are ALIGNED on a Metaphase Plate in the Center of the Cell.

51
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Mitosis

A

Nuclear Division - Most DRAMATIC Stage of Cell Cycle, corresponding to the Separation of Daughter Chromosomes + usually Ending w/ Cell Division (Cytokinesis).

52
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Mitotic Spindle

A

Array of Microtubules extending from the Spindle Poles that is responsible for Separating Daughter Chromosomes during Mitosis.

(See also Kinetochore Microtubules, Polar Microtubules, Chromosomal Microtubules, + Astral Microtubules).

53
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Mos

A

Protein Kinase that is REQUIRED for Progression from Meiosis I ⟶ Meiosis II + Maintenance of Metaphase II ARREST in Vertebrate Oocytes.

54
Q

The CELL CYCLE

p53

A

Transcription Factor (ENCODED by the p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene) that ARRESTS the Cell Cycle in G1 in response to Damaged DNA + is REQUIRED for Apoptosis Induced by a Variety of Stimuli.

55
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Pachytene

A

Stage of Meiosis I during which Recombination takes place b/t/n Homologous Chromosomes.

56
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Polar Body

A

Small Cell formed by Asymmetric Cell Division following Meiosis of Oocytes.

57
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Polo-like Kinase

A

Protein Kinase involved in Mitotic Spindle Formation, Kinetochore function, + Cytokinesis.

58
Q

The CELL CYCLE

PROMetaphase

A

Transition Period b/t/n Prophase + Metaphase during which the Microtubules of the Mitotic Spindle attach to the Kinetochores + the Chromosomes Shuffle until they Align in Center of the Cell.

59
Q

The CELL CYCLE

PRONucleus

A

1 of the 2 Haploid Nuclei in a Newly Fertilized Egg.

60
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Prophase

A

Beginning Phase of Mitosis, marked by the Appearance of Condensed Chromosomes + the Development of the Mitotic Spindle.

61
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Rb

A

Transcriptional Regulatory Protein that CONTROLS Cell Cycle Progression + is ENCODED by a Tumor Suppressor Gene that was identified by the genetic analysis of Retinoblastoma.

62
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Restriction Point

A

Regulatory Point in Animal Cell Cycles that occurs LATE in G1

AFTER this point, a Cell is COMMITED to Entering S + Undergoing 1 Cell Division Cycle.

63
Q

The CELL CYCLE

S phase

A

Phase of Cell Cycle during which DNA Replication occurs

64
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

A

Cell Cycle Checkpoint that MONITORS the ALIGNMENT on Chromosomes on the Metaphase Spindle.

65
Q

The CELL CYCLE

START

A

Regulatory Point in the YEAST Cell Cycle that occurs LATE in G1.

AFTER this point, a Cell is COMMITED to Entering S + Undergoing 1 Cell Division Cycle.

66
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Synapsis

A

Association of Homologous Chromosomes during Meiosis.

67
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Synaptomenal Complex

A

Zipper-like Protein Structure that forms along the Length of Paired Homologous Chromosomes during Meiosis.

68
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Tumor Suppressor Gene

A

Gene whose INACTIVATION Leads to Tumor Development.

69
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Telophase

A

Final Phase of Mitosis, during which the Nuclei RE-FORM + Chromosomes DECONDENSE.

70
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Zygote

A

Fertilized Egg

71
Q

The CELL CYCLE

Zygotene

A

Stage of Meiosis I during which Homologous Chromosomes become Closely Associated.

Molecular Cell Biology (36 decks)

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