Ch. 16 - Nutrition Flashcards
What is the function of vitamin A (retinol)?
Epithelial development, differentiation and maintenance, growth and remodeling of bone
What does a deficiency in Vitamin A cause?
- Night blindness
- Xerophthalmia (ocular tissue keratinization)
- Dry skin
- Enamel irregularities
What is the function of vitamin D (calciferol)?
- Growth and mineralization of bone and teeth
What does a vitamin D deficiency produce?
- Rickets (children)
- Osteomalacia (adults)
What is the most toxic and the least toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins?
Most - Vitamin D (calciferol)
Least - Vitamin E (tocopherol)
What is the function of vitamin E (tocopherol)?
- Antioxidant - prevents free radical formation
What does a deficiency in vitamin E produce?
- Neurologic dysfunction (premature infants)
What is the function of vitamin K?
Activation of prothrombin and vitamin K- dependent clotting factors (2,7,9,10)
What does a deficiency in vitamin K produce?
Diminished blood clotting
Warfarin has a negative effect on which fat-soluble vitamin?
Vitamin K - it blocks the hepatic synthesis of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (2,7,9,10)
What are the water-soluble vitamins?
- B1 thiamine
- B2 riboflavin
- B3 niacin
- B5 pantothenic acid
- B6 pyridoxine
- B12 cobalamine
- Folic acid (B9)
What is the function of vitamin B1 thiamine?
Metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids, decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacids
What would a deficiency in vitamin B1 thiamine produce?
- Beriberi - peripheral nerve damage
- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome - CND damage
What vitamin is associated with a component of FAD and FMN antioxidant?
Vitamin B2 riboflavin
What vitamin is a component of NAD and NADP?
Niacin Vitamin B3
What are the symptoms of vitamin B3 niacin deficiency?
- Pellagra: “3 D’s”
- Dementia
- Dermatitis
- Diarrhea
Which water-soluble vitamin is formed from tryptophan?
Niacin B3
Which vitamin is a precursor of pyridoxal phosphate (coenzyme in transamination reactions)?
B6 pyridoxine
Which vitamin converts methylmalonyl CoA to succinly CoA?
Vitamin B12 cobalamin
Intrinsic Factor needs which vitamin for GI absorption?
B12 cobalamin
What does a deficiency in vitamin B12 produce?
Pernicious anemia
What vitamin is needed for the synthesis of purines and thymidine?
Folic Acid B9
What does a deficiency in folic acid produce?
Megaloblastic anemia & glossitis
What is the most common vitamin deficiency in the U.S.?
Folic Acid - B9
What does a deficiency in vitamin C produce?
Scurvy - delayed wound healing, poor bone matrix formation
What is the function of Biotin B7 (vitamin H)?
Converts acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA in fatty acid synthesis
What minerals are the most lacking in the average American diet?
Calcium and Iron
What does a deficiency in iodine produce?
- Cretinism (kids)
- Myxedema (adults)
What transports copper and iron in blood plasma?
Transferrin
What form of iron is absorbed and stored?
- Absorbed - Fe2+ ferrous
- Stored - Fe3+ ferric
