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NBDE 1 > Ch. 13 - Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Ch. 13 - Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula for total lung volume?

A

TLV = Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume + Expiratory Volume + Residual Volume

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2
Q

What is the formula for Vital Capacity?

A

VC = TLV - RV

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3
Q

What is air inspired with maximal inspiratory effort (after inspiring at TV)?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

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4
Q

What is air inspired or expired with a normal breath called?

A

Tidal Volume

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5
Q

Is Residual Volume increased or decreased in older individuals and those with COPD and asthma? And why?

A

Decreased because of air trapping

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6
Q

What are the muscles of inspiration?

A
  • Diaphragm
  • Accessory Muscles
    • Scalenes
    • Sternocleidomastoid
    • Trapezium
    • External intercostals
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7
Q

What are the muscles of expiration?

A
  • Internal intercostals
  • Abdominal
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8
Q

What is a good gauge for breathing effectiveness?

A

Alveolar Ventilation

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9
Q

What is the normal Tidal Volume and Dead Space volume?

A
  • TV = 500 mL
  • Dead Space = 150 mL
    • 350 mL used for alveolar ventilation
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10
Q

What is the histology of the conducting zone airways?

A
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
  • Goblet and Mucous cells secrete mucous
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11
Q

What type of cells produce surfactant?

A

Type II epithelial cells

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12
Q

What 4 things does gas exchange in the lungs depend on?

A
  1. Partial pressure gradient
  2. Gas solubility
  3. Thickness of membrane
  4. Alveolar surface area
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13
Q

What factors cause a left shift in the Hemoglobin dissociation curve (favoring O2 uptake)?

A
  • Increase pH
  • Decrease 2,3-DPG
  • Decrease temperature
  • CO
  • Low PO2
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14
Q

What causes a right shift in the hemoglobin dissociation curve (favoring O2 release)?

A
  • Low pH
  • High PCO2
  • High 2,3-DPG
  • High temperature
  • High PO2
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15
Q

How is carbon dioxide mostly carried in the blood?

A

Bicarbonate in the serum

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16
Q

What enzyme found within the RBC is responsible for producing the bicarbonate for the Chloride shift?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

17
Q

What are the causes of hypoxemia?

A
  • Low FiO2
  • Hypoventilation
  • V/Q mismatch
  • Shunt
  • Diffusion limitation
18
Q

What is the compensation mechanism for hypercarbia (increase of CO2 in blood)?

A

Hyperventilation

19
Q

How can you terminate a hyperventilation attack?

A
  • Increase PCO2
  • Breathe in and out in a bag
20
Q

Which respiratory chemoreceptors are affected by increase in PCO2, H+ and low O2 levels?

A

Periperheral, Carotid and Aortic bodies

21
Q

What do the central medullary respiratory chemoreceptors respond to?

A
  • High H+ in CSF, brain interstitial fluid
22
Q

How can you tell the difference between the carotid and aortic bodies from carotid sinus and aortic baroreceptors?

A
  • Body = chemoreceptors
  • Sinus = baroreceptors
23
Q

What are the primary respiratory processes and the primary metabolic processes?

A
  • 1˚ respiratory - respiratory acidosis/alkalosis -> metabolic compensation
  • 1˚ metabolic - metabolic acidosis/alkalosis -> respiratory compensation
24
Q

What is the reflex to prevent overinflation?

A

Hering-Breuer Reflex

25
Q

What is the compensation for respiratory acidosis?

A

Metabolic

  • Buffers act like bases
  • Kidneys increase H+ secretion, reabsorption of HCO3- and synthesis of HCO3-
26
Q

What is the compensation for respiratory alkalosis?

A

Metabolic

  • Buffers act like acids
  • Kidneys decrease H+ secretion, reabsorption of HCO3- and synthesis of HCO3-
27
Q

What is the compensation for metabolic acidosis?

A

Repiratory

  • Buffers act like bases
  • Lungs undergo hyperventilation
  • Kidneys increase their secretion of H+, reabsorption and synthesis of HCO3-
28
Q

What is the compensation for metabolic alkalosis?

A

Respiratory

  • Buffers act like acids
  • Lungs undergo hypoventilation
  • Kidneys decrease H+ secretion, reabsorption & synthesis of HCO3-

NBDE 1 (17 decks)

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