Ch 15. The Self

Question 1

me = epistemological self (can be observed by others)

Answer 1

I = ontological self (ambiguous/mystery)

Question 2

• Influences behavior
• Organizes memories and impressions and judgments of others
• Organizes knowledge

Answer 2

Psychological Self

Question 3

• Self-regulation
• Information-processing filter
• Help us relate to others
• Identity

Answer 3

Jobs + Purpose of the Self

Question 4

1. Declarative knowledge - facts and conditions we can consciously know and describe
2. Procedural knowledge - knowledge expressed through actions rather than words
   * Relational self - patterns of social skills and styles of relating to others
   * Implicit self - unconscious self-knowledge that influences our behaviour

Answer 4

Two Types of Self-Knowledge

Question 5

all of your conscious knowledge and opinions about your personality traits. Controls self-esteem

Answer 5

Declarative self

Question 6

all of your conscious knowledge and opinions about your personality traits. Controls self-esteem

Answer 6

Declarative self

Question 7

your ideas about yourself organized into a coherent system. Where the declarative self resides. Can be assessed through S/B data.

Answer 7

Self-Schema

Question 8

• Increases accessibility
• Explains why your most meaningful memories stay with you the longest
• Depends on culture

Answer 8

Long-term memory (LTM) (the effect of LTM = Self-reference effect)

Question 9

one’s belief about the extent to which they can accomplish a goal. This sets the limits for what we attempt to do

Answer 9

Self-Efficacy

Question 10

• Possible future selves may affect goals
• Evidence that it affects mate preferences
• Want future selves that fulfill the needs for self-esteem, competence, and meaning
• People want to fulfill needs for similar future selves.

Answer 10

Possible Selves

Question 11

individuals’ emotional experiences are influenced by the perceived discrepancies between their actual self, ideal self, and ought self. (The interactions between possible selves and the actual self determine feelings about life

Answer 11

Self-discrepancy theory

Question 12

represents the attributes, qualities, and characteristics that an individual aspires to possess or the person they want to become. It encompasses their hopes, dreams, and goals. (discrepancy leads to depression)

Answer 12

Ideal Self

Question 13

represents the attributes, qualities, and characteristics that an individual believes they should possess or the person they think they ought to be. It is based on external expectations, societal norms, or personal obligations. (discrepancy leads to anxiety)

Answer 13

Ought Self

Question 14

• Not conscious and not possible to explain to others
• Learned by doing + watching others
• Relational selves

Answer 14

Procedural self

Question 15

Deeply ingrained and difficult to change because they are set early in life

Answer 15

Relational self-schema

Question 16

Includes the relational self, very unconscious and not readily available. Can be measured with the Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Implicit Self-Esteem: (quickly respond to me and good, and low self-esteem when quickly respond to me and bad)

Answer 16

Implicit selves

Question 17

• Practice and feedback
• Does not require a teacher who is good at what is being taught
• Acquire experiences of what you want your new procedural self to be

Answer 17

Acquiring and Changing Procedural Knowledge

Question 18

“The sense of being the same person persists across the entire life span” (p. 576).

Answer 18

The Really Real Self

Question 19

belief that the self is continually changing

Answer 19

Working self-concept

Question 20

A unitary and consistent sense of self and congruence is associated with
mental health. (self-concept differentiation = poor psychological adjustment)

Answer 20

Problems with working self-concept