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ACE PT > Ch. 15 Considerations for Clients w/ Musculoskeletal Issues > Flashcards

Ch. 15 Considerations for Clients w/ Musculoskeletal Issues Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an acute injury?

A
  • Has an onset that may be identified by a single instance

- Ex= popping sensation of a torn ligament, breaking of a bone

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2
Q

What is a chronic injury or condition?

A
  • One with an onset that is harder to pinpoint

- Ex= low back pain lasting for longer than 6 months, osteoarthritis of the knee

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3
Q

What are the 3 phases that the body goes through due to a soft-tissue injury?

A
  • Inflammation
  • Repair
  • Remodeling
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4
Q

What is the inflammation phase of a soft-tissue injury?

A
  • Cardinal signs= redness, swelling, pain, and localized increased temperature
  • Lasts approximately 3-4 days after injury (depending on severity)
  • RICE method
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5
Q

What is the RICE method?

A
  • Rest or restricted activity: essential to prevent re-injury to the tissue (using crutches is beneficial in this phase)
  • Ice: ice should be applied indirectly to the skin for no longer than 20 minutes at a time to relieve swelling and pain
  • Compression: application of an elastic bandage to an injured area; purpose of the bandage is to control the amount of swelling during the inflammation stage
  • Elevation: elevate to above the level of the heart assists venous return
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6
Q

What is the repair phase of a soft-tissue injury?

A
  • Consists of both repair and regeneration of tissue
  • May overlap w/ inflammation phase and last approximately 6 weeks
  • Body heals through the formation of scar tissue
  • Within 2-3 weeks, injured area can resist normal stresses but the strength of the injured are continues to build for several months
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7
Q

What is the remodeling phase of a soft-tissue injury?

A
  • Overlaps the repair phase at about 3-6 weeks post-injury
  • Scar tissue continues to strengthen
  • An adhesive scar can be avoided through movement during this phase
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8
Q

What sign does pain indicate in the body?

A
  • The body uses pain as a quick and clear signal, indicating the need to stop whatever one is doing to determine the cause of pain and proceed by decreasing stress of the painful area
  • Pushing through pain of an injury can prolong healing, promote further damage, or cause an acute injury to become chronic
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9
Q

What is a muscle strain?

A
  • Injuries in which the muscle works beyond its capacity, resulting in tears of the muscle fibers
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10
Q

What are the 3 grades of muscle strains?

A
  • Grade I: mild strain. Client may report an acute episode of mild pain or intense local soreness or cramping of the muscle. Though tender or painful, strength of the muscle remains normal
  • Grade II: strains are moderate and are characterized by more severe pain and swelling that will likely cause weakness and decreased range of motion (ROM). With hip or lower extremity musculature involved, a limp is likely to be present
  • Grade III: strains are severe injuries and indicate a complete tear of the muscle. Client may report feeling a sudden pop or tear accompanied by immediate pain and loss of function. Pain, swelling, and discoloration may also be present
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11
Q

What are ligament sprains?

A
  • Frequently occur as a result of an external force that applies sufficient pressure to stretch the ligament to the point of injury
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12
Q

What are some symptoms associated with a cartilage tear?

A
  • Joint stiffness
  • Clicking or popping with weight-bearing activities
  • Giving way
  • Catching
  • Locking
  • Joint pain, swelling, muscle weakness
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13
Q

What makes bones more susceptible to acute and stress fractures?

A
  • Osteoporosis
  • Infection
  • Cancer
  • Radiation treatment
  • Less-conditioned bones
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14
Q

What is a bone fracture?

A
  • Caused by impact or stress on the bone
  • Stress may be applied by a compressive force like a straight-leg landing on a hard surface, a torsional force like a rotation and compression, or a direct impact on the bone
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15
Q

What is a concussion?

A
  • Brain injury that causes change in mental status

- First signs are generally confusion and disorientation

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16
Q

What are overuse conditions and injuries?

A
  • Conditions: occur when tissues cannot withstand the forces put upon them overtime
  • Injuries: may be caused by repetitive movements or faulty body mechanics
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17
Q

What is tendonitis, bursitis, and fasciitis?

A
  • Tendonitis: inflammation of the tendons
  • Bursitis: inflammation of the bursa sac (usually result of repetitive stress, muscle imbalance, or muscle tightness surrounding bursa)
  • Fasciitis: inflammation of the fascia (connective tissue)
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18
Q

What are stress fractures?

A
  • Occur where there is an imbalance in bone formation and bone resorption
  • Result of compression forces that put repetitive stress on a bone that is not strong enough to withstand these forces
  • Most occur in the tibia (may be diagnosed as shin splints but tibial stress fractures will usually have point tenderness)
19
Q

What is periodization?

A
  • Systematic application of overload through the pre-planned variation of program components to optimize gains in strength (or any specific component of fitness), while preventing overuse, staleness, overtraining, and plateaus
20
Q

Describe post-injury scar tissue

A
  • Not pliable and will cause a decrease in the elasticity of a muscle’s surrounding connective tissue, as wells as its capacity to lengthen
21
Q

What are some reasons for tissue inelasticity?

A
  • Post-injury scar tissue
  • Tissue adhesion from scar formation
  • Disuse
  • Radiation treatment
  • Decreased collagen production due to age
  • Acute or chronic injury
22
Q

Describe a warm-up

A
  • Focuses on preparing the body for movement
  • Should take into account all planes of motion, as well as the various exercises that will be performed in the upcoming training session
  • Activates proprioceptors (frequently affected during injury) which improves coordination and balance
23
Q

Why is a recovery period important?

A
  • It is essential for tissue recovery
24
Q

If a client’s pain level is at a level 3 or above, what should a PT do?

A
  • The exercise should stop and a modification to that exercise or a different exercise should be chosen
25
Q

What are some ways that a personal trainer can prepare a client for a conversation about pain management during a workout?

A
  • Explain to the client before starting an exercise that the affected area may be challenged
  • Explain the perceived pain scale
  • Explain that the exercise will discontinue if pain exceeds a 3 on the scale, or if the client feels uncomfortable continuing
  • Encourage the client to communicate any amount of pain
  • Ask the client to assess pain prior to exercise and throughout the session to ensure that pain has not surpassed a 3
26
Q

Essentially, what are overuse injury, chronic injury, chronic muscle pain, and recurring injury refer to?

A
  • Used to describe a physical condition that involves pain and/or inflammation of soft tissue, bone, and/or the nerve structures and affects strength, balance, and/or function and efficiency of movement
27
Q

Why is static stretching generally performed at the end of a workout?

A
  • Studies have demonstrated neural inhibition and a decrease in strength after a prolonged strech
28
Q

When working with a client who has shoulder dysfunction, what should the PT do and not do?

A
  • PT should avoid exercises that require overhead movement, as these movements require stability and strength that is beyond the capability of a client with a compromised shoulder
  • Focus on muscles that stabilize the scapulae, specifically muscles that target the lower trapezius, rhomboids, and serratus anterior (seated row/serratus punch, bird dog, farmer carry)
29
Q

What is lateral epicondylitis?

A
  • AKA tennis elbow
  • An overuse or repetitive-trauma injury of the wrist extensor muscle tendons near their origin on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
30
Q

What is medial epicondylitis?

A
  • AKA golfer’s elbow
  • Overuse or repetitive-trauma injury of the wrist flexor muscle tendons near their origin on the medial epicondyle of the humerus
31
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A
  • Caused by an inflammation of the flexor tendons that pass under the flexor retinaculum at the wrist. This inflammation in the small space between the bones of the wrist and the flexor retinaculum, dubbed the carpal tunnel, eventually compresses the median nerve
32
Q

What does neck pain generally connect to?

A
  • Thoracic spine and should imbalances/issues
33
Q

What is a common postural dysfunction associated with lower back pain?

A
  • Lordosis= tight erector spinae in the lumbar region, tight hips, and potential weakness in the muscles of the posterior chain (calves, hamstrings, gluteal muscles, and erector spinae)
34
Q

What are some beneficial exercises to aid in low-back pain? What is their benefit overall?

A
  • Strengthen the stabilizing musculature of the spine and enhance motor control to ensure that spine stability is maintained in all activities
  • Cat-cow, modified curl-up, bird dog, side bridge
35
Q

What does prolonged sitting do to the hips?

A
  • The muscles of the anterior hip is shortened while the posterior hip is lengthened
  • This imbalance can could negatively impact the ability to execute a proper hip hinge
36
Q

What is piriformis syndrome?

A
  • A condition where the piriformis muscle becomes tight, taut, or inflamed, causing compression of the sciatic nerve that runs between it and the gemelli
37
Q

What should program design for a client with piriformis syndrome focus on?

A
  • Balancing the position of the right and left pelvis via static stretching
38
Q

What should program design for a client with hip arthritis or a hip replacement focus on?

A
  • Improving ROM in hip internal and external rotation, as wells as single-leg stance stability (recumbent bike)
  • Improve hip hinge mobility and stability
  • Improve the strength of the muscles of the posterior chain
39
Q

What is IT band friction?

A
  • Repetitive overuse condition that occurs when the distal portion of the IT band rubs against the lateral femoral epicondyle, causing burning or pain at the lateral aspect of the knee, which may be described as sharp or stabbing
  • Generally caused by poor training form, lack of recover, or poor technique in runners, cyclists, volleyball players, and weight lifters
40
Q

What is tendonitis?

A
  • An inflammation of the tendon that may be progressing through the stages of healing or can be categorized as chronic
41
Q

What should program design for a client with knee pain or a knee replacement focus on?

A
  • Increase ROM through the recumbent or stationary bike
  • Strengthening the quads
  • Improve hip-hinge mobility
  • Strengthen the muscles of the posterior chain
42
Q

What are shin splints generally classified as?

A
  • Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) aka posterior and anterior shin splints
43
Q

What stretch can help relieve shin splints?

A
  • Stretches that stretch out the calf muscles, especially the soleus
44
Q

What stretch can help relieve plantar fasciitis?

A
  • Stretches that stretch out the calf muscles, especially the soleus and gastrocnemius
  • Self-myofascial release (rolling over a tennis ball/golf ball)

ACE PT (15 decks)

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