Ch. 10 Muscular Training: Assessments

Question 1

What does functional training focus on?

Answer 1

• Establishing or reestablishing postural stability and kinetic chain mobility through the introduction of exercise programs that improve joint function through improved muscular endurance, flexibility, core function, static balance, and dynamic balance

Question 2

What is lordosis? What are the hypertonic & inhibited muscle imbalances?

Answer 2

• Increased anterior lumbar curve from neutral
• Hypertonic: hip flexors, lumbar extensors
• Inhibited: hip extensors, external obliques, rectus abdominis

Question 3

What is kyphosis? What are the hypertonic & inhibited muscle imbalances?

Answer 3

• Increased posterior thoracic curve from neutral
• Hypertonic: anterior chest/shoulders, latissimus dorsi, neck extensors
• Inhibited: upper-back extensors, scapular stabilizers, neck flexors

Question 4

What is flat-back posture? What are the hypertonic & inhibited muscle imbalances?

Answer 4

• Decreased anterior lumbar curve
• Hypertonic: rectus abdominis, upper-back extensors, neck extensors, ankle plantar flexors
• Inhibited: iliacus/psoas major, internal obliques, lumbar extensors, neck flexors

Question 5

What is sway-back posture? What are the hypertonic & inhibited muscle imbalances?

Answer 5

• decreased anterior lumbar curve and increased posterior thoracic curve from neutral
• Hypertonic: hamstrings, upper fibers of posterior obliques, lumbar extensors, neck extensors
• Inhibited: iliacus/psoas major, rectus femoris, external obliques, upper-back extensors, neck flexors

Question 6

What are some correctible factors of muscle imbalances?

Answer 6

• Repetitive movements (muscle patter overload)
• Awkward positions and movements (habitually poor posture)
• Side dominance
• Lack of joint stability
• Lack of joint mobility
• Imbalanced strength-training programs

Question 7

What are some non-correctible factors of muscle imbalances?

Answer 7

• Congenital conditions (scoliosis)
• Some pathologies (rheumatoid arthritis)
• Structural deviations (tibial or femoral torsion, or femoral anteversion)
• Certain types of trauma (surgery, injury, or amputation)

Question 8

What is deviation 1?

Answer 8

• Subtalar pronation/supination and the effect on tibial and femoral rotation
• Toes should be aligned in the same direction as the feet and any excessive pronation (arch flattening) or supination (high arches) at the subtalar joint should be noted

Question 9

What is deviation 2?

Answer 9

• Hip adduction: in standing our gait, it is a lateral tilt of the pelvis that elevates on hip higher than the other
• May be obvious in individuals who have a limb-length discrepancy
• Lengthens and weakens side that is adducted

Question 10

What is deviation 3?

Answer 10

• Pelvic tilting (anterior or posterior)
• Anterior tilting of the pelvis frequently occurs in individuals with tight hip flexors & erector spinae (associated w/ physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyles
• Posterior tilting- tight rectus abdominis & hamstrings

Question 11

What is deviation 4?

Answer 11

• Shoulder position and the thoracic spine

- Scapular pronation & scapular winging

Question 12

What is deviation 5?

Answer 12

• Head position: w/ good posture, earlobes should align approximately over the acromion process in the sagittal view
• Forward head position is very common- tightness in the cervical extensors and lengthening of the cervical flexors

Question 13

What is the average fall rate for people over 65 years of age?

Answer 13

• 1 in 4 older adults fall at least once a year

Question 14

What information does the unipedal stance test help provide?

Answer 14

• Client’s risk for falls
• Abilities to perform activities of daily living (ADL)
• Risk of low-back pain

Question 15

How do you perform the unipedal stance and when does it end?

Answer 15

• Stand barefooted w/ arms folded across chest, stare at spot on wall straight ahead, lift nondominant foot
• Dominant weight-bearing foot moves in order to maintain balance, nondominant foot touches floor or moves away from dominant weight bearing limb, client achieve 45 maximum
• Administer 3 times and record best performance

Question 16

What is the purpose of the trunk flexor test? How is it performed?

Answer 16

• Assesses muscular endurance of the truck flexors (rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques, and transverse abdominis)
• Sitting w/ hips and knees bent to 90 degrees, fold arms across chest, touching each hand to opposite shoulder, lean against a board positioned at a 50-60 degree incline, head neutral

Question 17

What degree should the passive straight-leg raise be at (or more) to indicate normal hamstring length?

Answer 17

• 80 degrees

Question 18

In the should flexion assessment, what could a result of under 170 degrees be a result of?

Answer 18

• Potential tightness in the pectoralis major and minor, latissimus dorsi, teres major, rhomboids and subscapularis

Question 19

In the should extension assessment, what could a result of under 50 degrees be a result of?

Answer 19

• Potential tightness in the pectoralis major, abdominals, subscapularis, certain shoulder flexors (anterior deltoid), coracobrachialis, and biceps brachii

Question 20

What are the 5 primary movements?

Answer 20

• Bend-and-lift (hip hinging & squatting movements= sitting on or standing up from a chair or lifting something off ground)
• Single-leg (movements done while balancing on one leg= walking, picking something off ground or walking up stairs)
• Pushing (going forwards like pushups, overhead press, lateral push = push open door, putting something on high shelf, pushing sliding door open)
• Pulling (bent over row or pull up= pulling car door open)
• Rotation (reaching across body to pick up an object on one’s left side and placing it on the other side= seatbelt)

Question 21

What are good cues for squats and lunges?

Answer 21

• Emphasize beginning the movement by pushing the hips backward before lowering toward the floor (hip hinging)

Question 22

What are some key considerations prior to any muscular-endurance assessment?

Answer 22

• Always check for low-back pain and other orthopedic issues before conducting any of these assessments
• As with any assessment, any indication of pain during an assessment merits immediate termination of the assessment and referral to a more qualified professional
• If a client has a history of orthopedic issues, such as diagnosed low-back pain or is currently experiencing pain and or/discomfort, these assessments should not be performed until he or she consults with a doctor

Question 23

With the bench press and squat 1 rep max, how should the process look?

Answer 23

• Client should start with a light weight they can do 5-10 repetitions with, rest for a minute
• Increase to a weight that can be lifted 2-3 times, rest for 2-4 minutes
• Determine 1 rep max weight

Question 24

What is the equation for power?

Answer 24

• Power= force x velocity

- Power= work/time

Question 25

What is the relative strength formula?

Answer 25

• Absolute strength/body weight

- Absolute strength equals the amount of weight lifted