Ch. 12 Considerations for Clients w/ Obesity Flashcards
What are the main contributing variables to obesity?
- Energy intake & energy expenditure (calorie imbalance)
- Environmental
- Behavioral
- Genetic
- Hormonal
- Other factors: stress, medicines that cause weight gain, and inadequate sleep
What are some contributing factors to the overweight/obesity epidemic?
- Progression from a rural lifestyle to a highly technological urban existence
- Tempting capacity of the modern environment to encourage individuals to eat more and move less
What types of diseases and disorders is excess body weight associated with?
- Heart disease
- Hypertension
- Type 2 diabetes
- Sleep disorders
- Gallstones
- Breathing problems
- Musculoskeletal disabilities
- Certain forms of cancer (endometrial, breast, and colon)
What things make up environmental factors leading to obesity?
- Availability, quantity, and energy density of foods consumed (energy intake)
- Availability of labor-saving devices, more time spent sitting
- Less availability of facilities where one can be active in the built environment (energy expenditure)
What happens when an individual deals with chronic psychological stress?
- Hunger is stimulated, particularly the consumption of high-calorie “palatable” food
What are 2 key hormones related to energy metabolism regulation?
- Leptin
- Adiponectin
What does leptin do?
- Resides in all fat cells and communicates with the hypothalamus in the brain, providing information about how much energy is currently stored in the body’s fat cells
- Negative feedback loop= when fat cells decrease in size, leptin decreases, sending a message to the hypothalamus to direct the body to eat more
- Vice versa, but it’s primary biological role seems to be facilitating EI when energy storage is low
What does adiponectin do?
- Helps insulin by sending blood glucose into the body’s cells for storage or use as fuel, thus increasing the cells’ insulin sensitivity to glucose metabolism
- Helps decrease levels of triglycerides by working with insulin to stimulate fat breakdown
What does the American Dietetic Association recommend in regards to losing weight?
- Reducing fat and/or carb intake to obtain a caloric deficit of 500-1000 kcal per day to produce a weight loss of 1-2 lbs per week
- Portion control (providing info on serving sizes and the number of calories in various foods)
- Eating frequency (eating throughout the day, including breakfast, rather than mainly in the evening)
- Consuming foods high in nutrient density (nutrients per calorie of food) and low in energy density (calories per weight or volume of food)
What percentage is resting energy expenditure (REE) responsible for total energy expenditure (TEE)?
- 60-75%
What is the equation for male and females in resting energy expenditure?
- Male = (10 x weight/kg) + (6.25 x height/cm) - (5x age) +5
- Female= (10 x weight/kg) + (6.25 x height/cm) - (5x age) - 161
- lbs = kilograms divide 2.2
- in = cm multiply by 2.54
What does a low-energy-density food diet look like?
- Includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and water
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein?
- 46-56 g/day or 10-35% of total caloric intake
What questions should a client be able to answer when evaluating a diet they are looking to try?
- How does the diet cut calories?
- What is the nutrient density of the diet?
- Does the diet recommend exercise?
- Does it make sense?
- Where is the evidence?
- Does it meet individual need?
- How much does it cost?
- What kind of social support does the client have?
- How easy is it to adhere to the diet?
What is non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)?
- Represents such common daily activities such as fidgeting, walking, and standing as a form of energy expenditure
