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Biol 1500 > Ch 14: Mendelein Genetics > Flashcards

Ch 14: Mendelein Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

heredity

A

passing of traits to offspring by parents

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2
Q

blending hypothesis

A

genetic material from 2 parents blends together

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3
Q

particulate hypothesis

A

parent pass on discrete heritable units (genes)

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4
Q

advantages of pea plants

A
  • many distinct heritable features
  • mating can be controlled
  • each plant has both sperm/egg producing organs
  • cross pollination
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5
Q

stamen

A

sperm producing organ

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6
Q

carpel

A

egg producing organ

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7
Q

cross pollination

A

fertilization between different plants

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8
Q

P generation

A

true breeding parents

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9
Q

F1 generation

A

hybrid offspring of P gen

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10
Q

F2 generation

A

when F1 individuals self pollinate

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11
Q

hybridization

A

mating of 2 contrasting, true breeding varieties

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12
Q

law of segregation

A

P = pure white & purple
F1 = all purple
F2 = 3 purple & 1 white

3:1 ratio

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13
Q

what id Mendel call a “heritable factor”

A

gene

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14
Q

3:1 inheritance pattern

A

4 related concepts

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15
Q

Concept #1

A

alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters

  • diff genes have same location (locus) in homologous chromosome
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16
Q

Concept #2

A

for each gene an organism inherits 2 alleles; one from each parent

homozygous & heterozygous

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17
Q

what generation is homozygous

A

P gen

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18
Q

what generation is heterozygous

A

F1 hybrids

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19
Q

Concept #3

A

if 2 alleles at a locus differ, the dominant one determines the organism’s appearance & the recessive one has no effect on appearance

F1 had purple flowers bc purple is dominant

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20
Q

Concept #4

A

2 alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during meiosis & end up in diff gametes

21
Q

what is concept #4 also known as

A

law of segregation

22
Q

homozygous

A

2 identical alleles

23
Q

heterozygous

A

2 alleles are different
- not true breeding

24
Q

phenotype

A

organism’s physical appearence

25
Q

genotype

A

organism’s genetic makeup

26
Q

Genotype ratio in F1

A

1 : 2 : 1
PP : Pp : pp

27
Q

testcross

A

to tell the genotype of an individual with the dominant phenotype

28
Q

what is the dominant individual crossed with

A

homozygous recessive (pp)

29
Q

what does it mean if the offspring has recessive phenotype (testcross)

A

mystery parent is heterozygous

30
Q

law of independent assortment cross

A

crossing 2 true-bred parents differing in 2 characteristics produces dihybrids in F1

31
Q

what is the F1 generation in law of independent assortment

A

heterozygous for both characters

32
Q

what does a dihybrid cross between F1 dihybrids determine

A

whether 2 characters are transmitted to offspring as a package or independently

33
Q

dihybrid cross ratio

A

9 : 3 : 3 : 1

9 = homozygous dominant
3 = heterozygous
3 = heterozygous
1 homozygous recessive

34
Q

law of independent assortment

A

each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation

35
Q

what does law of independent assortment apply to

A

genes on different, nonhomologous chromosomes

36
Q

genes located near each other on the same chromosome

A

tend to be inherited together

37
Q

when does inheritance deviate from Mendelian patterns

A
  • alleles are not completely dominant or recessive
  • gene has more than 2 alleles
  • gene produces multiple phenotypes
38
Q

complete dominance

A

phenotypes of heterozygote & dominant homozygote are identical

39
Q

codominance

A

2 dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

40
Q

incomplete dominance

A

the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotype of the 2 parental varieties

41
Q

most genes exist in populations in ____ allelic forms

A

more than 2

42
Q

pleiotropy

A

multiple phenotypic effects

43
Q

epistasis

A

traits determined by 2 or more genes

44
Q

a gene at one locus alters…

A

the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus

45
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

additive effect of 2 or more genes on a single phenotype

46
Q

norm of reaction

A

phenotypic range of a genotype influenced by the environment

47
Q

multifactorial

A

genetic & environmental factors collectively influence phenotype

48
Q

pedigree

A

family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents & children across generations

Biol 1500 (10 decks)

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