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Biol 1500 > Ch 13: Meiosis > Flashcards

Ch 13: Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

heredity

A

transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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2
Q

variation

A

shows that offspring differ in appearance from parents & siblings

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3
Q

genetics

A

study of heredity & variation

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4
Q

genes

A

units of heredity; segments of DNA

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5
Q

each gene has a specific _______ on a certain chromosome

A

locus

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6
Q

how are chromosomes inherited

A

one set is inherited from each parent

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7
Q

asexual reproduction

A

one parent produces genetically identical offspring by mitosis

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8
Q

sexual reproduction

A

2 parents = offspring that have unique combos of genes

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9
Q

how many human somatic cells are there in the body

A

46 chromosomes
2 sets of 23

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10
Q

karyotype

A

ordered display of pairs of chromosomes from a cell

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11
Q

homologous chromosomes (homologues)

A

2 chromosomes in each pair

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12
Q

how do homologues work

A

both chromosomes carry genes that control the same inherited characteristics

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13
Q

autosomes

A

22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine sex

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14
Q

diploid

A

2n = 46

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15
Q

haploid

A

n = 23

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16
Q

_____ are the only type of human cells produced by meiosis

A

gametes

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17
Q

fertilization

A

fusing of gametes

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18
Q

what does fertilization produce

A

zygote

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19
Q

sporphyte

A

makes haploid spores by meiosis

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20
Q

gametophyte

A

spore grows into gametophyte by mitosis

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21
Q

a gametophyte makes _____ by mitosis

A

haploid gametes

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22
Q

life cycle in plants

A
  • 2 multicellular generations/stages
  • one diploid
  • one haploid
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23
Q

life cycle in fungi

A
  • zygote is only diploid stage
  • no multicellular diploid stage
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24
Q

zygote produces _____ by meiosis (fungi)

A

haploid cells

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25
Q

depending on type of life cycle

A

either haploid or diploid can divide by mitosis

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26
Q

only _____ can undergo meiosis

A

diploid cells

27
Q

what contributes to genetic variation in offspring

A

chromosome halving & doubling

28
Q

2 sets of cell division in meiosis

A

meiosis I & meiosis II

29
Q

what do the two cell divisions result in

A

4 daughter cells

30
Q

each daughter cell has ____ has many chromosomes as the parent cell

A

half

31
Q

meiosis I

A

homologues separate

32
Q

what does meiosis I result in

A

2 haploid daughter cells with replicated chromosomes

33
Q

meiosis II

A

sister chromatids separate

34
Q

what does meiosis II result in

A

4 haploid daughter cells with unreplicated chromosomes

35
Q

Interphase

A
  • chromosomes are replicated to from sister chromatids
  • identical sisters are joined at centromere
  • centrosome replicates
36
Q

4 stages of Meiosis I

A

Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I

37
Q

Prophase I

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • synapsis
  • crossing over
  • tetrad is formed
38
Q

synapsis

A

homologous chromosomes loosely pair up

39
Q

how are homologous chromosomes paired up during synapsis

A

aligned by genes

40
Q

crossing over

A

nonsister chromatids exchange DNA segments

41
Q

tetrad

A

a group of 4 chromatids

42
Q

chiasmata

A

X shaped regions in tetrads where crossing over occurs

43
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • tetrads line up at metaphase plate
  • microtubules attach to kinetochore of one chromosome of each tetrad
44
Q

Anaphase I

A
  • pairs separate
  • each chromosome to each pole
  • sis chromatids are still attached at centromere
45
Q

Telophase I

A
  • each chromosome still consists of 2 sister chromatids
46
Q

is there any replication between Meiosis I & Meiosis II

A

no

47
Q

why is there no replication after Meiosis I

A

chromosomes are already replicated

48
Q

Prophase II

A
  • spindle apparatus forms
  • chromosomes move toward metaphase plate
49
Q

what is meiosis II similar to

A

mitosis

50
Q

Metaphase II

A
  • sisters are in the middle
  • 2 sisters are not genetically identical anymore
  • kinetochores attach to microtubules
51
Q

Anaphase II

A
  • sisters separate
  • individual chromosome goes to each pole
52
Q

Telophase II

A
  • nuclei forms
  • chromosome begins decondensing
53
Q

at the end of meiosis

A

4 daughter cells each with a haploid set of unreplicated chromosomes

54
Q

each daughter cell is ______ from the others and parent cell

A

genetically distinct

55
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

A
  • mitosis = genetically identical cells to parents
  • meiosis produces cells that differ genetically
56
Q

Mitosis _____ the number of chromosomes while Meiosis ______

A

conserves

reduces

57
Q

events unique to Meiosis I

A
  • synapsis & crossing over
  • tetrads
  • homologous chromosomes instead of sister chromatids in anaphase I
58
Q

when does synapsis & crossing over occur

A

prophase I

59
Q

mutations

A

changes in an organisms DNA
- og source of genetic diversity

60
Q

3 mechanisms of genetic variation

A
  • independent assortment
  • crossing over
  • random fertilization
61
Q

independent assortment

A

homologous chromosomes orient randomly at metaphase I of meiosis

62
Q

how many possible combinations for humans?

A

2^23 = 8 million

63
Q

crossing over

A

combo of genes inherited from each parent

64
Q

random fertilization

A

any sperm can fuse with any egg (ovum)

Biol 1500 (10 decks)

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