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Biol 1500 > Ch 12: Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Ch 12: Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what is reproduction

A

property of living organisms

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2
Q

what is the continuity of life based upon

A

reproduction of cells (cell division)

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3
Q

unicellullar organisms

A

division of one cell reproduces the entire organism

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4
Q

multicellular organisms depend on cell division for

A
  • development from fertilized cell
  • growth
  • repair
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5
Q

cell division is a part of _____-

A

cell cycle

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6
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

life of a cell from formation to its own division

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7
Q

a dividing cell

A
  • duplicates its DNA
  • allocates 2 copies to opposite ends of cells
  • splits into daughter cells
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8
Q

genome

A

cell’s genetic info; all the DNA

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9
Q

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into

A

chromosomes

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10
Q

somatic

A

non reproductive cells

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11
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do somatic cells have

A

2 (diploid)

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12
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells (eggs & sperm)

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13
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do gametes have

A

half as the somatic cells (haploid)

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14
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA & protein that condenses during cell division

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15
Q

what kind of chromosomes consist of chromatin

A

eukaryotic

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16
Q

distribution of chromosomes during cell division

A
  • dna is replicated => chromosomes condense
  • each duplicated chromosome has 2 sister chromarids
  • chromatids separate during cell division
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17
Q

centromere

A

“waist” of the duplicated chromosome
- where the two chromatids are attached

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18
Q

eukaryotic cell division consists of

A

mitosis & cytokinesis

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19
Q

mitosis

A

division of nucleus

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20
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm

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21
Q

gamates are produced through

A

meiosis

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22
Q

meiosis

A

makes nonidentical daughter cells (half the set of parent cell)

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23
Q

what kind of cell does meiosis produce

A

haploid

24
Q

phases of cell cycle

A

mitotic & interphase

25
Q

mitotic (M) phase

A

mitosis & cytokinesis

26
Q

interphase

A

cell growth & copying of chromosomes in prep for cell division

27
Q

how long is interphase

A

90% of cell cycle

28
Q

subphases of interphase

A

G1 (1st gap)
S (synthesis)
G2 (2nd gap)

29
Q

5 phases of mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
30
Q

microtubules

A

control chromosome movement during mitosis

31
Q

centrosome

A

microtubule organizing center

32
Q

centrosome replication

A
  • after replication 2 centrosomes
  • migrate to opposite ends of cell
  • spindle microtubules grow out of them
33
Q

aster

A

radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome

34
Q

where to spindle microtubules attach

A

kinetochores

35
Q

anaphase

A
  • sis chromatids separate & move along kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell
  • microtubules shorten by depolymerizing at kinetochore ends
36
Q

nonkinetochore microtubules

A

overlap from op cells & push against each other to elongate the cell

37
Q

cytokinesis in animal cells

A

cleavage furrow

38
Q

cytokinesis in plant cells

A

cell plate forms

39
Q

how to prokaryotes reproduce

A

binary fission

40
Q

binary fission

A
  • chromosome replicates
  • 2 daughter chromosomes actively move apart
  • one copy of origin is now at each end of cell
  • cell wall is deposited
41
Q

evolution of mitosis

A

mitosis probably came from binary fission

42
Q

what does the frequency of cell division vary on

A

type of cell
- results from regulation at molecular level

43
Q

cell cycle control system

A

sequential events of cell cycle

44
Q

checkpoints

A

where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is recieved

45
Q

what are the 2 types of regulatory proteins in cell cycle control

A
  • cyclins
  • cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
46
Q

internal signal

A

kinetochores not attached to spindles send molecular signal that delays anaphase

47
Q

external signal

A

growth factors

48
Q

what are growth factors

A

proteins released by certain cells that stim other cells to divide

49
Q

other external signals

A
  • density dependent inhibition
  • anchorage dependence
50
Q

density dependent inhibition

A

crowded cells stop dividing

51
Q

anchorage dependence

A

cells must be attached to substratum to divide

52
Q

cancer cells

A

don’t respond to body’s control system & form tumors

53
Q

tumor

A

mass of abnormal cells within normal tissue

54
Q

benign tumor

A

cells stay in original site

55
Q

malignant tumor

A

metastasize & grow into other places

Biol 1500 (10 decks)

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