Ch. 14 - Fire Attack (NEW TEST) Flashcards

1
Q

Strategy is defined as:

The _________ or operational stance chosen to achieve the incident’s objective.

A

General plan

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2
Q

There are two regularly accepted strategic modes:

_____________
_____________

A

Offensive

Defensive

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3
Q

(Strategic Modes, Offensive) Examples:

  • _______________
  • _______________ for property conservation
  • _______________with significant growth potential
  • _______________ to seat of fire will prevent further loss of life or property
A
  • Presence of known rescue
  • Calculated risk vs. benefit
  • Limited fire size
  • Rapid response
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4
Q

Offensive operations are generally __________________________.

A

higher risk with higher benefit.

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5
Q

(Strategic Modes, Defensive) Examples:

  • ___________________
  • ___________________
  • ___________________
  • ___________________
  • ___________________
  • ___________________
A
  • Size/severity of fire exceeds capability of initial resource(s)
  • Length of burn time
  • Proximity/presence of exposures
  • Limited or delay in available resources
  • Occupancy or lack of occupancy
  • Calculated risk vs. benefit
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6
Q

Defensive operations limit personnel risk by __________ lives and or property.

A

Writing off

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7
Q

Strategic Priorities are defined as:

____________ ranked by their importance in achieving the strategic goal.

A

Strategic objectives

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8
Q

Nearly every emergency incident will have the same strategic priorities:

F - _______________
L - _______________
I - ________________
P - _______________

A

Firefighter safety
Life safety
Incident stabilization
Property conservation

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9
Q

(Firefighter Safety)

Must be the _____________ in every strategic, tactical, and task level decision.

A

Highest priority

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10
Q

(Firefighter Safety)

The individual’s ability to make _____________________ is required for success.

A

methodical, calculated decisions

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11
Q

(Firefighter Safety)

We cannot and will not take ______________ that have a less than equal benefit ratio

A

Uncalculated risks

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12
Q

(Firefighter Safety)

Constantly observed and tracked through _____________________________.

A

ACCOUNTABILITY and PAR

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13
Q

(Life Safety)

Once firefighter safety is assured, the search for, location, assessment, and removal of _________________ must be the next highest strategic/tactical priority.

A

Victims and/or patients

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14
Q

(Life Safety)

Tactical decisions must be geared toward _______________________ for any _______ persons/beings still within a structure on fire.

A

Increasing the probability of survival

Savable

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15
Q

(Life Safety)

Signified by the declared tactical benchmark:
-______________

A

ALL CLEAR

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16
Q

Life Safety)

Signified by the declared tactical benchmark:
-ALL CLEAR

-_________________________________

A

Indicates that primary/secondary search has been completed

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17
Q

(Incident Stabilization)

Determined by actions that ______________ of fire.

A

Limit the forward progress

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18
Q

(Incident Stabilization)

Does not always mean extinguishment, but rather ____________.

A

Confinement

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19
Q

(Incident Stabilization)

Signified by the declared tactical benchmark:
-_______________

A

UNDER CONTROL

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20
Q

(Incident Stabilization)

Signified by the declared tactical benchmark:
-UNDER CONTROL

-___________________________

A

Indicates that the main body of fire has been controlled/extinguished

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21
Q

(Property Conservation)

Accomplished through aggressive ________________________ operations.

A

Fire attack, overhaul, and salvage

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22
Q

(Property Conservation)

Signified by the declared tactical benchmark:
-_______________

A

LOSS STOPPED

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23
Q

(Property Conservation)

Signified by the declared tactical benchmark:
-LOSS STOPPED

-____________________________________

A

Indicates that no further damage is being done to the structure or its’ contents by fire, smoke, heat, water, or the Fire Department

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24
Q

Tactics are defined as:

The _________________ of resources _____________________ within the defined strategy.

A

Deployment and direction

To accomplish the objectives

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25
(Tactics) Example: Variables such as ___________________ will dictate what tactic we apply first and why.
Time, equipment, and manpower
26
Tactical priorities can be defined as: ______________ prioritized by their importance in relation to the accomplishment of tactical goals.
Tactical objectives
27
(Acronym for guiding Incident Commanders when establishing tactical priorities) RECEOVS ``` R - _________ E - _________ C - _________ E - _________ O - _________ V - _________ S - _________ ```
``` Rescue Exposures Confinement Extinguishment Overhaul Ventilation Salvage ```
28
(Acronym for guiding Incident Commanders when establishing tactical priorities) SLICERS ``` S - _________ L - _________ the fire I - _________ the flow path C - _________ from a safe location E - _________ the fire R - _________ S - _________ ```
``` Size up Locate Identify Cool Extinguish Rescue Salvage ```
29
These acronyms are not intended to be used as a list of things to accomplish but rather a reminder of common emergency variables that need to be addressed. Regardless of which method the IC uses, the goal should be to make good ___________________ that will have a positive outcome on the incident.
strategic and tactical decisions
30
Definition of size up: The _______________ of gathering information that can assist firefighters/fire officers in making ___________________ on the fireground.
continuous process effective, safe and efficient decisions
31
A good size up will include these characteristics and ________________________.
a plan for how to deal with them
32
(Size Up, Pre-fire planning, Structural Familiarization) Positives and negatives of individual structure: - ________________ - ________________ - ________________ - ________________ - ________________
- Access/Egress points - Entry problem identification - Interior layout familiarization - Occupancy location based on time of day - Hazards
33
What are the three fireground specifics in size up/pre-fire planning?
Water supply Plot access Rescue
35
(Size Up, Pre-fire planning) Fireground specifics: -_______________ Location and quality of hydrants/mains in the area. How far away is a reliable hydrant? Pre-planned fire flow requirements
Water supply
36
(Size Up, Pre-fire planning) Fireground specifics: -_______________ Routes of response based on time and traffic conditions Driveways, alleys, parking lots
Plot access
37
(Size Up, Pre-fire planning) Fireground specifics: -_______________ Best access for each level of structure Occupancy identification
Rescue
38
Once a report of a fire has come in each firefighter should begin a ________________ of safety items and mental review of fireground actions they may be expected to complete.
Personal size up
39
Firefighter Safety: - _________________________ - ____________________________ to gain additional information
- Dons entire protective ensemble | - Listens to pre-arrival and arrival reports
40
Fireground Actions: -____________________ to varying situations
Keeps an open mind to ability to adapt
41
(Arrival Report) - ____________ arriving on scene - Brief _______________ - Brief _______________ - Brief _______________ being taken - Any _______________
- Designation of Unit - description of the incident/structure - description of obvious conditions - description of actions - obvious safety concerns
42
Now that you have been assigned to attack the fire, you need to _______________________ and formulate tactics or utilize tasks that can overcome those conditions.
Size up existing environmental conditions
43
Incident Considerations: ________________? ________________?
How long has it been burning? What state is the fire in?
44
What variables are limiting the fire’s growth? ____________ ____________ ____________
Fuel Air Heat balance
45
(Size up, Arrival & Assignment) What other conditions exist? __________ __________ __________
Smoke Victims Exposures
46
Smoke: What is its’…. ________ ________ ________ ________
Volume Velocity Density Color
47
Structural considerations: - How is the building ____________? - How _____ is the building? - What was the building’s ______________? - What are the building’s ____________ and __________?
Constructed Old Condition prior to fire Occupancy type Contents
48
Occupancy considerations; What type of occupancy are we dealing with? ``` ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ```
- Single family dwellings - Multiple family dwellings (MD’s) - Taxpayers (Strip Malls) - Business or storage - Multi-story/High rise
49
(Single family dwellings) __________ - more than twice the volume of materials compared to 1950’s
Fire loading
50
________________ are the best tools a firefighting crew can have when dealing with difficult structures and/or occupancies.
Pre-planning and training
51
(Victims and/or Rescues) ______________________ and ______________________ situations call for modifications to the direction and speed of fire attack operations; if rescue is required fire attack crews must position handlines and use directions of attacking the fire that will allow or support rescue operations.
- Known rescue / known location | - Known rescue / unknown location
52
(Hoseline Placement Priorities, Protection of Occupants) - ___________________ - ___________________ - ___________________ - ___________________ - ___________________
- Closest to the fire - Largest group of threatened people - Above the fire - Others in general fire area - Those who may eventually become exposed
53
(Hoseline Placement Priorities) If multiple examples are present, the fire hoseline should be place to protect the ___________ with each subsequent line laid to _________________________________.
Highest priority Protect others in descending order of threat
54
(Hoseline Placement Priorities) REMEMBER: The best protection for occupants near and/or above the fire may be accomplished by ___________________________________.
directly attacking and extinguishing the fire
55
(Contrast the assignments) Upon assignment of fire attack, crews must prepare themselves to make a ___________ directly to the fire area to confine the fire and begin extinguishment
rapid push
56
(Contrast the assignments) The primary job of the attack crew is the _______________________. Hoseline and nozzle selection must be based on ________________.
search for, and control of fire conditions found
57
(Contrast the assignments) Fire found ______________ be extinguished.
May or may not
58
If a victim is encountered, several factors will effect the decision whether to pass the victim, while calling for removal vs. removing the victim yourself. - __________________ - __________________ - __________________ - __________________ - __________________
- Total number of suspected victims - Position and condition of the fire - Position and condition of found victim - Number of members in attack team - Resources available on scene
59
Attack crews must remember their assignment and make a calculated decision in regards to _______________________ of their assigned duties.
modification or abandonment
60
Fire exposure can be divided into two categories: _________________ _________________
Most Severe Exposure Most Severely Exposed
61
Dividing exposures into these categories helps Fire Officers and Nozzle-persons make good tactical decisions in regards to exposed properties. REMEMBER: ___________________________________________________________
THE MOST SEVERELY EXPOSED MAY ALSO BE THE MOST SEVERE EXPOSURE
62
Plan of Attack Fundamentals: _____________________________________ – What method will be used for resource control – Adherence to ICS or IMS = _____________
A plan must actually be formulated to function No Freelancing
63
``` What are your communication parameters – ____________ – ____________ – ____________ – ____________ (Face/Face, Radio, etc.) – ____________ ```
``` – Div/Group title – Supervisor – Assignment – Communication method – Channel(s) ```
64
Do you have the necessary _________________________ to complete your assignment?
Knowledge, skills, and training
65
(Direct Attack) - Used during _______________________. - Water is applied _________ to the burning materials. - Should be applied in either a _______________ configuration.
- interior fire attack operations - directly - solid or straight stream
66
(Direct Attack) Solid or straight streams are used to ensure greater reach and penetration and create less thermal disruption and steam. - ________________________ - ________________________ - ________________________ - ________________________ - ________________________
- Keeps firefighters farther from seat of fire - Less water is required - Creates less damage than other streams and/or methods of attack - Has less impact on thermal balance - Creates less steam than other methods
67
(Direct Attack) Water is used to cool the fuel to a temperature at which it can ________________________.
no longer produce flammable vapors
68
(Direct Attack) Creating a __________________ within the fire compartment (More GPM’s applied than BTU’s produced).
negative heat balance
69
(Direct Attack) Water ____________________________ to reach burning fuels.
Does not have to travel in straight line
70
(Direct Attack) __________________________ will produce better/faster cooling
Vigorous agitation of the nozzle
71
(Direct Attack) Agitation can occur in ___________________________________.
Up/down, side/side or clockwise fashions
72
(Direct Attack) ___________________ rotation of nozzle as the fire, heat, and smoke will be drawn toward the nozzle.
Avoid counterclockwise
73
(Direct Attack) REMEMBER: _____________________
Darken down - Shut down
74
(Indirect Attack) Used during _________ fire attack operations.
Exterior
75
(Indirect Attack) Water application consists of: Fog or broken stream being directed ____________________ proximity to an interior fire.
into the atmosphere above
76
(Indirect Attack) Water application consists of: Water is rapidly converted to steam creating a ___________________ within the fire compartment.
Pressure differential
77
(Indirect Attack) Water application consists of: Fire is extinguished due to a ____________ and ____________________ as a result of an increased pressure gradient.
Negative thermal balance Hindrance of fuel vaporization
78
(Indirect Attack) Effectiveness is dependent upon the following factors: - _________________ - ≥1000º at ceiling - _________________ - doors/windows intact - _________________ - (i.e. sealed space / not ventilated to open space) lack of any combination of these factors will drastically reduce effectiveness
- High compartmental heat - Ability to confine fire compartment - Fire is ventilation controlled
79
(Indirect Attack) Should not be used if fighting fire from an ___________________.
Interior position
80
(Indirect Attack) Causes complete _____________ and loss of visibility.
thermal disruption
81
(Indirect Attack) The resulting steam can ________________ delaying complete extinguishment.
Hide the seat of the fire
82
(Indirect Attack) Should not be used if there is any __________________ victims within the fire area.
Possibility of savable
83
(Indirect Attack) If entry is to be made into the area where an indirect attack has been utilized, ____________________________________ personnel entry.
Ventilation should be provided and verified prior to
84
(Combination Attack) Performed using a ____________________________________.
Clockwise rotation of nozzle, “T” or “Z” pattern
85
(Combination Attack) The objective is to _________________ away from the nozzle.
Roll fire, smoke, and heat
86
(Combination Attack) Technique can be used to _______________, buying the attack team time to evacuate the structure.
Cool a near flashover environment
87
(Combination Attack) This technique ___________ the limiting factors of an indirect attack.
Does not have
88
(Combination Attack) Will also result in __________ and ___________.
Thermal disruption Loss of visibility
89
(Combination Attack) If pre-flashover conditions exist in this space, _______________________.
There are no savable victims
90
(Combination Attack) As with an Indirect Attack, ______________ may be delayed due to the body of fire being hidden by steam production.
Complete extinguishment
91
(Combination Attack) Nozzlemen must be cautious to avoid ____________.
“Over-cooling”
92
(3-D Water Fog) Water is applied as a _________ (less than 100 microns) to superheated atmospheres to cool the environment; a direct attack is then used to extinguish the burning fuels.
Fine mist
93
(3-D Water Fog) Application of fine mist is performed in ______________________.
Very short bursts (pulsations)
94
(3-D Water Fog) Mist maintains a ____________ in atmosphere.
Dry steam balance
95
(3-D Water Fog) Thermal balance is __________.
Maintained
96
(3-D Water Fog) Visibility is _________________ if properly applied.
Maintained or improved
97
(3-D Water Fog) Requires __________________________ for efficiency to be attained.
Specific training and repeated skill practice
98
(Nozzle Selection) Selecting the appropriate nozzle should be based on several factors: - ________________ - ________________ - ________________ - ________________ - ________________ - ________________
- Method of Attack - Item(s) burning - Access/Egress - Status of savable occupants - Nozzles available - Resources available
99
Fireground conditions requiring the use of 2 1⁄2” lines are best summarized by the acronym ___________:
A.D.U.L.T.S
100
Fireground conditions requiring the use of 2 1⁄2” lines are best summarized by the acronym A.D.U.L.T.S. ``` A - ____________________ D - ____________________ U - ____________________ L - ____________________ T - ____________________ S - ____________________ ```
A - Advanced fire upon arrival D - Defensive operations U - Unable to determine extent (size) of fire area L - Large un-compartmented areas T - Tons of water required S - Standpipe system operations
101
2 1/2” lines are typically: - ________ slower to deploy - ________ / flexible than other lines - ______________ to changing fire conditions
- Slightly - Less mobile - Are readily adaptable
102
Fireground conditions indicating the use of 1 3⁄4” lines include: - _______________________ - Free burning fire that are confined by ____________________. - _______________________ - _______________________ - _______________________
- Incipient stage fires - Compartmentalization - Exterior roof covering fires - Outside rubbish, grass, and wild land fires - Car fires
103
(1 3/4” lines typically) Pre-connected with set lengths of: Bumper - ________ Cross-lay - _________ Rear - ________
100 feet 200 feet 250 feet
104
(1 3/4” lines typically) Require ___________ for operation Offer _____________ Can only be extended to a ___________ (past 300 feet PDP enters questionable range) Cannot be converted to a ______________.
Less personnel Improved mobility Finite point Master stream
105
(Hoseline Selection - Booster Line) - Not suitable for _______________. - Not suitable for _______________. - Offer flow rates ______________. - Can be used for ____________ once a LOSS STOPPED has been declared.
Initial interior operations Vehicle fires Around 40 GPM Overhaul operations
106
(Calculating the Stretch) Methods include: Residential (SFD and sm./med. MDs) -___________________________ Residential (Large SFD and med./lg. MDs) -___________________________
One (1) length per floor plus setback Floor plus one (1) technique
107
(Calculating the Stretch) Methods include: Commercial: -_____________________________ Supplies ample hose __________________. Often supplies _______________ and requires diligence in minding kinks.
Frontage + Depth + Floor + Setback regardless of interior configuration overly long lays
108
(If stretch cannot be guessed or estimated) Pull hose from ___________ in forward lay fashion and gate or nozzle as needed.
Make-up bed
109
(If stretch cannot be guessed or estimated) Remember to give ___________________ at the floor for interior operations.
at least one length of working line
110
(If stretch cannot be guessed or estimated) Line pulled from the make-up bed must be ____________________ supplied to the Engineer for pump calculations.
Counted and total lengths down
111
(Stairway/Stairwell Stretches) Well-hole Stretch: ________________________________
Approx. one (1) length is added for five (5) floors
112
(Stairway/Stairwell Stretches) Straight Run Stretch: ___________________________________
Add one (1) length per floor of elevation
113
(Stairway/Stairwell Stretches) Scissor run stretch: ___________________________________
Add one length per two (2) floors
114
(Stairway/Stairwell Stretches) Wrap-around stretch: __________________________________
Add one (1) length per floor of elevation
115
Advancing hose to upper or lower floors outside of the structure can be a ________________ of stretching the line.
fast and easy way
116
(Exterior Stretches) Drop-bag stretch: - Elevation is accounted for by adding ________________________ of elevation. - Hose is then secured to an _____________________________.
- one (1) length of hose for each three floors | - anchor point behind each coupling
117
(Exterior Stretches) Over the ladder: - Elevation is accounted for by adding _________________________ of elevation. - Hose is secured ________ using hose straps.
- one (1) length of hose for each three floors | - to the ladder
118
(Exterior Stretches) Elevated Master Stream: - ___________________ are needed - Does have the disadvantage of ______________________ - May require __________, additional familiarization
- No additional hose lengths - tying up a limited resource - special adaptors
119
(Advancing the line, prior to entry) Officer Duties: - Attempt to _______________ utilizing visible clues. - Attempt to _______________ that may be supplying oxygen to the fire - If possible, order attempted knockdown of the fire from a ______________.
- identify the seat of the fire - identify existing air paths - safe, exterior position
120
If Officer is to make entry: Tools - _______________
TIC and/or Hook
121
If Officer is to make entry: Duties: - _________________ - _________________ - _________________ - _________________
- Identify point of entry - Verify conditions overhead - Direct attack - Communications with command
122
Engineer: Tools - _______________
Hook, Attic Ladder
123
Engineer: Duties - If Interior: - _________________ - _________________ - _________________
- Brings attic ladder to access point - Assists with search - Assists with line advancement
124
Nozzle/Can: Tools - _____________________ (Stowed in belt or on lanyard)
Nozzle/can, may have personal tools
125
Nozzle/Can: Duties: - _________________ - _________________ - _________________ (smoke, heat, fire) - _________________ (as needed) - _________________ (If Officer is exterior) - _________________
- Deployment and set-up of hose stream —> Ensures proper amount of working line is available at the point of set up or ingress - Control of water application - Monitors conditions - Provides anchor point for fire compartment search - Control of hydraulic ventilation - Radio communications
126
Hydrant/Irons: Tools - _________________ (Fan as needed for PPA)
Irons, drop-bag, flashlight
127
Hydrant/Irons: Duties - No Hydrant - ___________________ - ___________________ - ___________________ - ___________________ - ___________________ (If Officer is exterior) - ___________________ (If Officer is exterior) - ___________________
- Forcible entry - Search of fire compartment - Relieves nozzle back-pressure - Line and kink management - Sounding of floor - Checking overhead - Door control
128
Doorman: Tools - _________________
Hook, Search rope
129
Doorman: Duties - No Hydrant - ___________________ - ___________________ - ___________________ - ___________________ - ___________________
- Assists with forcible entry - Limits/Controls flow of air at point of entry - Controls space between Irons FF and door way - Works kinks/advances line - Assists with search as needed
130
(Line Movement) Movement process: - _______________ - _______________ - _______________ - _______________ (Heat, smoke, flames) - _______________ as needed for heat and/or debris
- Open entryway - Check overhead - Sound path of travel - Monitor interior conditions - Sweep floor with nozzle
131
(Advancing the Line) At the Fire Compartment: - _______________ - _______________ - _______________ - _______________ - _______________ - _______________
- Set up - Confine - Search - Extinguish - Open up - Ventilate as available/needed
132
Back up line specific size-up factors: Your assignment -______________ vs -_______________
-Back Up Line Vs. -Secondary Attack line
133
-_________________________ If the primary line is not in place and functioning, initial back up efforts must go to assisting with the deployment and advancement of the primary line There ______________ if there is not _________________.
-Status of attack line - cannot be a back up line - an operating primary line
134
____________________ -Size of line —Back up must be ____________ -Nozzle —If choosing the __________, choose a ____________.
Primary line make-up -same size or larger - same size line - different type of nozzle
135
Path of Ingress/Egress: If Back Up -Use the __________ as the primary line. If Secondary -Use ________________ as available.
- same access point | - different access point
136
Search Assignment: -If search has been assigned, the Back-Up team must consider: —___________ of search team
Protection level
137
If search is protected: -Advance line ___________________________.
to protect egress of primary attack crew
138
If search is unprotected: -Advance line to protect egress of search crew, especially: —When search is ____________ —When the fire is ______________________.
- above the fire | - between the area to be searched and the primary egress point
139
Advance the line to a position __________ the crew you are backing up.
One box behind
140
If the crew is working below or above the ground floor, position the line to __________________________________.
Protect the stairwell and the hallway simultaneously
141
_______________! A dry line cannot protect anyone.
Charge the line
142
______________ so that a retreating crew can quickly move past you as you provide hydraulic support.
Keep the egress path clear
143
___________. Situational apathy could cost you your life and the lives of your friends.
Remain alert
144
____________________ from back up to second attack line unless ordered to do so by command.
Do not alter your assignment