Ch. 14 - Fire Attack (NEW TEST) Flashcards
Strategy is defined as:
The _________ or operational stance chosen to achieve the incident’s objective.
General plan
There are two regularly accepted strategic modes:
_____________
_____________
Offensive
Defensive
(Strategic Modes, Offensive) Examples:
- _______________
- _______________ for property conservation
- _______________with significant growth potential
- _______________ to seat of fire will prevent further loss of life or property
- Presence of known rescue
- Calculated risk vs. benefit
- Limited fire size
- Rapid response
Offensive operations are generally __________________________.
higher risk with higher benefit.
(Strategic Modes, Defensive) Examples:
- ___________________
- ___________________
- ___________________
- ___________________
- ___________________
- ___________________
- Size/severity of fire exceeds capability of initial resource(s)
- Length of burn time
- Proximity/presence of exposures
- Limited or delay in available resources
- Occupancy or lack of occupancy
- Calculated risk vs. benefit
Defensive operations limit personnel risk by __________ lives and or property.
Writing off
Strategic Priorities are defined as:
____________ ranked by their importance in achieving the strategic goal.
Strategic objectives
Nearly every emergency incident will have the same strategic priorities:
F - _______________
L - _______________
I - ________________
P - _______________
Firefighter safety
Life safety
Incident stabilization
Property conservation
(Firefighter Safety)
Must be the _____________ in every strategic, tactical, and task level decision.
Highest priority
(Firefighter Safety)
The individual’s ability to make _____________________ is required for success.
methodical, calculated decisions
(Firefighter Safety)
We cannot and will not take ______________ that have a less than equal benefit ratio
Uncalculated risks
(Firefighter Safety)
Constantly observed and tracked through _____________________________.
ACCOUNTABILITY and PAR
(Life Safety)
Once firefighter safety is assured, the search for, location, assessment, and removal of _________________ must be the next highest strategic/tactical priority.
Victims and/or patients
(Life Safety)
Tactical decisions must be geared toward _______________________ for any _______ persons/beings still within a structure on fire.
Increasing the probability of survival
Savable
(Life Safety)
Signified by the declared tactical benchmark:
-______________
ALL CLEAR
Life Safety)
Signified by the declared tactical benchmark:
-ALL CLEAR
-_________________________________
Indicates that primary/secondary search has been completed
(Incident Stabilization)
Determined by actions that ______________ of fire.
Limit the forward progress
(Incident Stabilization)
Does not always mean extinguishment, but rather ____________.
Confinement
(Incident Stabilization)
Signified by the declared tactical benchmark:
-_______________
UNDER CONTROL
(Incident Stabilization)
Signified by the declared tactical benchmark:
-UNDER CONTROL
-___________________________
Indicates that the main body of fire has been controlled/extinguished
(Property Conservation)
Accomplished through aggressive ________________________ operations.
Fire attack, overhaul, and salvage
(Property Conservation)
Signified by the declared tactical benchmark:
-_______________
LOSS STOPPED
(Property Conservation)
Signified by the declared tactical benchmark:
-LOSS STOPPED
-____________________________________
Indicates that no further damage is being done to the structure or its’ contents by fire, smoke, heat, water, or the Fire Department
Tactics are defined as:
The _________________ of resources _____________________ within the defined strategy.
Deployment and direction
To accomplish the objectives
(Tactics) Example:
Variables such as ___________________ will dictate what tactic we apply first and why.
Time, equipment, and manpower
Tactical priorities can be defined as:
______________ prioritized by their importance in relation to the accomplishment of tactical goals.
Tactical objectives
(Acronym for guiding Incident Commanders when establishing tactical priorities)
RECEOVS
R - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ E - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ C - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ E - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ O - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ V - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ S - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Rescue Exposures Confinement Extinguishment Overhaul Ventilation Salvage
(Acronym for guiding Incident Commanders when establishing tactical priorities)
SLICERS
S - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ L - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the fire I - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the flow path C - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from a safe location E - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the fire R - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ S - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Size up Locate Identify Cool Extinguish Rescue Salvage
These acronyms are not intended to be used as a list of things to accomplish but rather a reminder of common emergency variables that need to be addressed. Regardless of which method the IC uses, the goal should be to make good ___________________ that will have a positive outcome on the incident.
strategic and tactical decisions
Definition of size up:
The _______________ of gathering information that can assist firefighters/fire officers in making ___________________ on the fireground.
continuous process
effective, safe and efficient decisions
A good size up will include these characteristics and ________________________.
a plan for how to deal with them
(Size Up, Pre-fire planning, Structural Familiarization)
Positives and negatives of individual structure:
- ________________
- ________________
- ________________
- ________________
- ________________
- Access/Egress points
- Entry problem identification
- Interior layout familiarization
- Occupancy location based on time of day
- Hazards
What are the three fireground specifics in size up/pre-fire planning?
Water supply
Plot access
Rescue
(Size Up, Pre-fire planning)
Fireground specifics:
-_______________
Location and quality of hydrants/mains in the area.
How far away is a reliable hydrant?
Pre-planned fire flow requirements
Water supply
(Size Up, Pre-fire planning)
Fireground specifics:
-_______________
Routes of response based on time and traffic conditions
Driveways, alleys, parking lots
Plot access
(Size Up, Pre-fire planning)
Fireground specifics:
-_______________
Best access for each level of structure
Occupancy identification
Rescue
Once a report of a fire has come in each firefighter should begin a ________________ of safety items and mental review of fireground actions they may be expected to complete.
Personal size up
Firefighter Safety:
- _________________________
- ____________________________ to gain additional information
- Dons entire protective ensemble
- Listens to pre-arrival and arrival reports
Fireground Actions:
-____________________ to varying situations
Keeps an open mind to ability to adapt
(Arrival Report)
- ____________ arriving on scene
- Brief _______________
- Brief _______________
- Brief _______________ being taken
- Any _______________
- Designation of Unit
- description of the incident/structure
- description of obvious conditions
- description of actions
- obvious safety concerns
Now that you have been assigned to attack the fire, you need to _______________________ and formulate tactics or utilize tasks that can overcome those conditions.
Size up existing environmental conditions
Incident Considerations:
________________?
________________?
How long has it been burning?
What state is the fire in?
What variables are limiting the fire’s growth?
____________
____________
____________
Fuel
Air
Heat balance
(Size up, Arrival & Assignment)
What other conditions exist?
__________
__________
__________
Smoke
Victims
Exposures
Smoke: What is its’….
________
________
________
________
Volume
Velocity
Density
Color
Structural considerations:
- How is the building ____________?
- How _____ is the building?
- What was the building’s ______________?
- What are the building’s ____________ and __________?
Constructed
Old
Condition prior to fire
Occupancy type
Contents
Occupancy considerations; What type of occupancy are we dealing with?
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- Single family dwellings
- Multiple family dwellings (MD’s)
- Taxpayers (Strip Malls)
- Business or storage
- Multi-story/High rise
(Single family dwellings)
__________ - more than twice the volume of materials compared to 1950’s
Fire loading
________________ are the best tools a firefighting crew can have when dealing with difficult structures and/or occupancies.
Pre-planning and training
(Victims and/or Rescues)
______________________ and ______________________
situations call for modifications to the direction and speed of fire attack operations; if rescue is required fire attack crews must position handlines and use directions of attacking the fire that will allow or support rescue operations.
- Known rescue / known location
- Known rescue / unknown location
(Hoseline Placement Priorities, Protection of Occupants)
- ___________________
- ___________________
- ___________________
- ___________________
- ___________________
- Closest to the fire
- Largest group of threatened people
- Above the fire
- Others in general fire area
- Those who may eventually become exposed
(Hoseline Placement Priorities)
If multiple examples are present, the fire hoseline should be place to protect the ___________ with each subsequent line laid to _________________________________.
Highest priority
Protect others in descending order of threat
(Hoseline Placement Priorities)
REMEMBER: The best protection for occupants near and/or above the fire may be accomplished by ___________________________________.
directly attacking and extinguishing the fire
(Contrast the assignments)
Upon assignment of fire attack, crews must prepare themselves to make a ___________ directly to the fire area to confine the fire and begin extinguishment
rapid push
(Contrast the assignments)
The primary job of the attack crew is the _______________________.
Hoseline and nozzle selection must be based on ________________.
search for, and control of fire
conditions found
(Contrast the assignments)
Fire found ______________ be extinguished.
May or may not
If a victim is encountered, several factors will effect the decision whether to pass the victim, while calling for removal vs. removing the victim yourself.
- __________________
- __________________
- __________________
- __________________
- __________________
- Total number of suspected victims
- Position and condition of the fire
- Position and condition of found victim
- Number of members in attack team
- Resources available on scene
Attack crews must remember their assignment and make a calculated decision in regards to _______________________ of their assigned duties.
modification or abandonment
Fire exposure can be divided into two categories:
_________________
_________________
Most Severe Exposure
Most Severely Exposed
Dividing exposures into these categories helps Fire Officers and Nozzle-persons make good tactical decisions in regards to exposed properties.
REMEMBER: ___________________________________________________________
THE MOST SEVERELY EXPOSED MAY ALSO BE THE MOST SEVERE EXPOSURE
Plan of Attack Fundamentals:
_____________________________________
– What method will be used for resource control
– Adherence to ICS or IMS = _____________
A plan must actually be formulated to function
No Freelancing
What are your communication parameters – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Face/Face, Radio, etc.) – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
– Div/Group title – Supervisor – Assignment – Communication method – Channel(s)
Do you have the necessary _________________________ to complete your assignment?
Knowledge, skills, and training
(Direct Attack)
- Used during _______________________.
- Water is applied _________ to the burning materials.
- Should be applied in either a _______________ configuration.
- interior fire attack operations
- directly
- solid or straight stream
(Direct Attack)
Solid or straight streams are used to ensure greater reach and penetration and create less thermal disruption and steam.
- ________________________
- ________________________
- ________________________
- ________________________
- ________________________
- Keeps firefighters farther from seat of fire
- Less water is required
- Creates less damage than other streams and/or methods of attack
- Has less impact on thermal balance
- Creates less steam than other methods
(Direct Attack)
Water is used to cool the fuel to a temperature at which it can ________________________.
no longer produce flammable vapors
(Direct Attack)
Creating a __________________ within the fire compartment (More GPM’s applied than BTU’s produced).
negative heat balance
(Direct Attack)
Water ____________________________ to reach burning fuels.
Does not have to travel in straight line
(Direct Attack)
__________________________ will produce better/faster cooling
Vigorous agitation of the nozzle
(Direct Attack)
Agitation can occur in ___________________________________.
Up/down, side/side or clockwise fashions
(Direct Attack)
___________________ rotation of nozzle as the fire, heat, and smoke will be drawn toward the nozzle.
Avoid counterclockwise
(Direct Attack)
REMEMBER: _____________________
Darken down - Shut down
(Indirect Attack)
Used during _________ fire attack operations.
Exterior
(Indirect Attack) Water application consists of:
Fog or broken stream being directed ____________________ proximity to an interior fire.
into the atmosphere above
(Indirect Attack) Water application consists of:
Water is rapidly converted to steam creating a ___________________ within the fire compartment.
Pressure differential
(Indirect Attack) Water application consists of:
Fire is extinguished due to a ____________ and ____________________ as a result of an increased pressure gradient.
Negative thermal balance
Hindrance of fuel vaporization
(Indirect Attack) Effectiveness is dependent upon the following factors:
- _________________ - ≥1000º at ceiling
- _________________ - doors/windows intact
- _________________ - (i.e. sealed space / not ventilated to open space) lack of any combination of these factors will drastically reduce effectiveness
- High compartmental heat
- Ability to confine fire compartment
- Fire is ventilation controlled
(Indirect Attack)
Should not be used if fighting fire from an ___________________.
Interior position
(Indirect Attack)
Causes complete _____________ and loss of visibility.
thermal disruption
(Indirect Attack)
The resulting steam can ________________ delaying complete extinguishment.
Hide the seat of the fire
(Indirect Attack)
Should not be used if there is any __________________ victims within the fire area.
Possibility of savable
(Indirect Attack)
If entry is to be made into the area where an indirect attack has been utilized, ____________________________________ personnel entry.
Ventilation should be provided and verified prior to
(Combination Attack)
Performed using a ____________________________________.
Clockwise rotation of nozzle, “T” or “Z” pattern
(Combination Attack)
The objective is to _________________ away from the nozzle.
Roll fire, smoke, and heat
(Combination Attack)
Technique can be used to _______________, buying the attack team time to evacuate the structure.
Cool a near flashover environment
(Combination Attack)
This technique ___________ the limiting factors of an indirect attack.
Does not have
(Combination Attack)
Will also result in __________ and ___________.
Thermal disruption
Loss of visibility
(Combination Attack)
If pre-flashover conditions exist in this space, _______________________.
There are no savable victims
(Combination Attack)
As with an Indirect Attack, ______________ may be delayed due to the body of fire being hidden by steam production.
Complete extinguishment
(Combination Attack)
Nozzlemen must be cautious to avoid ____________.
“Over-cooling”
(3-D Water Fog)
Water is applied as a _________ (less than 100 microns) to superheated atmospheres to cool the environment; a direct attack is then used to extinguish the burning fuels.
Fine mist
(3-D Water Fog)
Application of fine mist is performed in ______________________.
Very short bursts (pulsations)
(3-D Water Fog)
Mist maintains a ____________ in atmosphere.
Dry steam balance
(3-D Water Fog)
Thermal balance is __________.
Maintained
(3-D Water Fog)
Visibility is _________________ if properly applied.
Maintained or improved
(3-D Water Fog)
Requires __________________________ for efficiency to be attained.
Specific training and repeated skill practice
(Nozzle Selection) Selecting the appropriate nozzle should be based on several factors:
- ________________
- ________________
- ________________
- ________________
- ________________
- ________________
- Method of Attack
- Item(s) burning
- Access/Egress
- Status of savable occupants
- Nozzles available
- Resources available
Fireground conditions requiring the use of 2 1⁄2” lines are best summarized by the acronym ___________:
A.D.U.L.T.S
Fireground conditions requiring the use of 2 1⁄2” lines are best summarized by the acronym A.D.U.L.T.S.
A - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ D - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ U - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ L - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ T - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ S - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A - Advanced fire upon arrival
D - Defensive operations
U - Unable to determine extent (size) of fire area
L - Large un-compartmented areas
T - Tons of water required
S - Standpipe system operations
2 1/2” lines are typically:
- ________ slower to deploy
- ________ / flexible than other lines
- ______________ to changing fire conditions
- Slightly
- Less mobile
- Are readily adaptable
Fireground conditions indicating the use of 1 3⁄4” lines include:
- _______________________
- Free burning fire that are confined by ____________________.
- _______________________
- _______________________
- _______________________
- Incipient stage fires
- Compartmentalization
- Exterior roof covering fires
- Outside rubbish, grass, and wild land fires
- Car fires
(1 3/4” lines typically)
Pre-connected with set lengths of:
Bumper - ________
Cross-lay - _________
Rear - ________
100 feet
200 feet
250 feet
(1 3/4” lines typically)
Require ___________ for operation
Offer _____________
Can only be extended to a ___________ (past 300 feet PDP enters questionable range)
Cannot be converted to a ______________.
Less personnel
Improved mobility
Finite point
Master stream
(Hoseline Selection - Booster Line)
- Not suitable for _______________.
- Not suitable for _______________.
- Offer flow rates ______________.
- Can be used for ____________ once a LOSS STOPPED has been declared.
Initial interior operations
Vehicle fires
Around 40 GPM
Overhaul operations
(Calculating the Stretch) Methods include:
Residential (SFD and sm./med. MDs)
-___________________________
Residential (Large SFD and med./lg. MDs)
-___________________________
One (1) length per floor plus setback
Floor plus one (1) technique
(Calculating the Stretch) Methods include:
Commercial:
-_____________________________
Supplies ample hose __________________.
Often supplies _______________ and requires diligence in minding kinks.
Frontage + Depth + Floor + Setback
regardless of interior configuration
overly long lays
(If stretch cannot be guessed or estimated)
Pull hose from ___________ in forward lay fashion and gate or nozzle as needed.
Make-up bed
(If stretch cannot be guessed or estimated)
Remember to give ___________________ at the floor for interior operations.
at least one length of working line
(If stretch cannot be guessed or estimated)
Line pulled from the make-up bed must be ____________________ supplied to the Engineer for pump calculations.
Counted and total lengths down
(Stairway/Stairwell Stretches)
Well-hole Stretch:
________________________________
Approx. one (1) length is added for five (5) floors
(Stairway/Stairwell Stretches)
Straight Run Stretch:
___________________________________
Add one (1) length per floor of elevation
(Stairway/Stairwell Stretches)
Scissor run stretch:
___________________________________
Add one length per two (2) floors
(Stairway/Stairwell Stretches)
Wrap-around stretch:
__________________________________
Add one (1) length per floor of elevation
Advancing hose to upper or lower floors outside of the structure can be a ________________ of stretching the line.
fast and easy way
(Exterior Stretches) Drop-bag stretch:
- Elevation is accounted for by adding ________________________ of elevation.
- Hose is then secured to an _____________________________.
- one (1) length of hose for each three floors
- anchor point behind each coupling
(Exterior Stretches) Over the ladder:
- Elevation is accounted for by adding _________________________ of elevation.
- Hose is secured ________ using hose straps.
- one (1) length of hose for each three floors
- to the ladder
(Exterior Stretches) Elevated Master Stream:
- ___________________ are needed
- Does have the disadvantage of ______________________
- May require __________, additional familiarization
- No additional hose lengths
- tying up a limited resource
- special adaptors
(Advancing the line, prior to entry) Officer Duties:
- Attempt to _______________ utilizing visible clues.
- Attempt to _______________ that may be supplying oxygen to the fire
- If possible, order attempted knockdown of the fire from a ______________.
- identify the seat of the fire
- identify existing air paths
- safe, exterior position
If Officer is to make entry:
Tools - _______________
TIC and/or Hook
If Officer is to make entry:
Duties:
- _________________
- _________________
- _________________
- _________________
- Identify point of entry
- Verify conditions overhead
- Direct attack
- Communications with command
Engineer:
Tools - _______________
Hook, Attic Ladder
Engineer:
Duties - If Interior:
- _________________
- _________________
- _________________
- Brings attic ladder to access point
- Assists with search
- Assists with line advancement
Nozzle/Can:
Tools - _____________________ (Stowed in belt or on lanyard)
Nozzle/can, may have personal tools
Nozzle/Can:
Duties:
- _________________
- _________________
- _________________ (smoke, heat, fire)
- _________________ (as needed)
- _________________ (If Officer is exterior)
- _________________
- Deployment and set-up of hose stream —> Ensures proper amount of working line is available at the point of set up or ingress
- Control of water application
- Monitors conditions
- Provides anchor point for fire compartment search
- Control of hydraulic ventilation
- Radio communications
Hydrant/Irons:
Tools - _________________ (Fan as needed for PPA)
Irons, drop-bag, flashlight
Hydrant/Irons:
Duties - No Hydrant
- ___________________
- ___________________
- ___________________
- ___________________
- ___________________ (If Officer is exterior)
- ___________________ (If Officer is exterior)
- ___________________
- Forcible entry
- Search of fire compartment
- Relieves nozzle back-pressure
- Line and kink management
- Sounding of floor
- Checking overhead
- Door control
Doorman:
Tools - _________________
Hook, Search rope
Doorman:
Duties - No Hydrant
- ___________________
- ___________________
- ___________________
- ___________________
- ___________________
- Assists with forcible entry
- Limits/Controls flow of air at point of entry
- Controls space between Irons FF and door way
- Works kinks/advances line
- Assists with search as needed
(Line Movement)
Movement process:
- _______________
- _______________
- _______________
- _______________ (Heat, smoke, flames)
- _______________ as needed for heat and/or debris
- Open entryway
- Check overhead
- Sound path of travel
- Monitor interior conditions
- Sweep floor with nozzle
(Advancing the Line)
At the Fire Compartment:
- _______________
- _______________
- _______________
- _______________
- _______________
- _______________
- Set up
- Confine
- Search
- Extinguish
- Open up
- Ventilate as available/needed
Back up line specific size-up factors:
Your assignment
-______________ vs -_______________
-Back Up Line
Vs.
-Secondary Attack line
-_________________________
If the primary line is not in place and functioning, initial back up efforts must go to assisting with the deployment and advancement of the primary line
There ______________ if there is not _________________.
-Status of attack line
- cannot be a back up line
- an operating primary line
____________________
-Size of line
—Back up must be ____________
-Nozzle
—If choosing the __________, choose a ____________.
Primary line make-up
-same size or larger
- same size line
- different type of nozzle
Path of Ingress/Egress:
If Back Up
-Use the __________ as the primary line.
If Secondary
-Use ________________ as available.
- same access point
- different access point
Search Assignment:
-If search has been assigned, the Back-Up team must consider:
—___________ of search team
Protection level
If search is protected:
-Advance line ___________________________.
to protect egress of primary attack crew
If search is unprotected:
-Advance line to protect egress of search crew, especially:
—When search is ____________
—When the fire is ______________________.
- above the fire
- between the area to be searched and the primary egress point
Advance the line to a position __________ the crew you are backing up.
One box behind
If the crew is working below or above the ground floor, position the line to __________________________________.
Protect the stairwell and the hallway simultaneously
_______________! A dry line cannot protect anyone.
Charge the line
______________ so that a retreating crew can quickly move past you as you provide hydraulic support.
Keep the egress path clear
___________. Situational apathy could cost you your life and the lives of your friends.
Remain alert
____________________ from back up to second attack line unless ordered to do so by command.
Do not alter your assignment
