Ch 14

Question 1

Adaptive immunity

Answer 1

Develops throughout life as a result of exposure to microbes or certain other types of foreign material.

Question 2

First line defenses

Answer 2

Skin, mucous membranes, antimicrobial substances

Question 4

Cytokines

Answer 4

Protein that functions as chemical messenger, allowing cells to communicate

Question 5

Interferon

Answer 5

A protein that warns nearby cells about the virus. The cells react by preparing to shut down bio synthetic activities if they become too infected.

Question 6

Inflammatory response

Answer 6

A coordinated response when various sensor systems detect infection or tissue damage. Contains site of damage. Localize response. Eliminate invader and restore tissue function

C5a and c3a component in compliment system outcome. Induce changes in the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels, contributing to vascular permeability associated with inflammation

Question 7

Antimicrobial substance that protect skin

Answer 7

Lysozyme- tears saliva
Peroxidases- saliva, milk, phagocytes. Form antimicrobial compounds
Lactoferrin- iron binding protein
Amps- amino acids

Question 8

Surface receptors

Answer 8

Eyes and ears of cell, connect outside of cell with inside. Each receptor is specific with respect to the compound it will bind

Question 9

Complement system

Answer 9

Series of proteins that circulate in the blood and the fluid that bathes the tissue. Proteins are inactive until it gets a signal of an invader, then it rapidly activates the system

Question 10

Alternative pathway activation

Answer 10

Provides early warning signs.

Triggered by c3b binding to microbial invaders—-
Form c3 convertase when complement proteins attach—
Splits c3 because it is unstable
C3a and c3b are low rate. Become inaciveted. But c3b is always present to trigger alternative pathway

Question 11

Lectin pathway

Answer 11

Involves pattern recognition molecules called mannose binding lectins. These mind to multiple mannose molecules. Once attached it can interact with other compliment systems to form c3 convertase

Question 12

Classical pathway

Answer 12

Requires antibodies. When antibody bonds to antigen, they interact with same complement system components to form c3 convertase

Question 13

Opsonization

Answer 13

One of the outcomes of complement system. C3b concentration increases and bind to bacterial cells or other foreign particles.
2 effects. One is Opsonization. Prepared for eating by phagocytes.

Question 15

Innate immunity

Answer 15

Host defenses present at birth. 3 main components
anatomical barriers,
sensor systems that recognize patterns associated with microbes or tissue damage, phagocytic cells, and
inflammatory response. L

Question 16

Phagocytosis chemotaxis step 1

Answer 16

Cells recruited to the site of infection by chemical attractants

Question 17

Phagocytosis recognition step 2

Answer 17

Cells use receptors to attach to invading microbes. Indirect binding happens when a particle has first been opsonized.

Question 18

Phagocytosis engulfment step 3

Answer 18

Sends out pseudopods that surround and engulf material. Create phagosome

Question 19

Phagocytosis maturation step 4

Answer 19

Phagosome develops antimicrobial capabilities. Eventually fuses with enzyme filled lysosomes forming phagolysosome.

Question 20

Phagocytosis destruction step 5

Answer 20

Invader is destroyed

Question 21

Exocytosis step 6

Answer 21

Phagolysosome fuses with the phagocyte cytoplasmic membrane, expelling I digested debris.

Question 22

Macrophages

Answer 22

Everyday protectors of cells. Phagocytize dead cells and debris. Maintain killing power by continually regenerating their lysosomes.

Question 23

Fever

Answer 23

Results when macrophages release pro inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial products. Cytokines act as messages carried in the blood stream to the brain. Rise in temp prevents microbes from growing.