CH 13 STUDY EXAM Flashcards
1
Q
Photorecepteors?
A
response to light
2
Q
Chemoreceptors?
A
response to chemicals
3
Q
Nociceptors?
A
response to damaging stimuli, causing pain
4
Q
Themoreceptors?
A
response to temp “changes” (hot and cold)
5
Q
Mechanoreceptors?
A
response to mechanical force(pressure and vibration)
6
Q
Exteroceptoes?
A
Detect stimuli originating outside of the body
7
Q
Interoceptors?
A
detect stimuli originating inside the body
8
Q
Proprioceptors?
A
monitor body position and stretch, located in the musculoskeletal system
9
Q
Golgi tendon?
A
a proprioceptor sense organ that receives information from you tendon that senses TENSION
10
Q
innervation
A
to supply with nerves
11
Q
Somatic motor control
A
ability of the brain and nervous system to regulate voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
12
Q
sympathetic chain ganglia.
A
a series of interconnected clusters of nerve cell bodies located on both sides of the spinal cord. These ganglia are part of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the body’s “fight or flight” response to stress or danger.
13
Q
dual innervation.
A
he mechanism in which one organ can receive fibres (also known as receiving innervation) from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems.
14
Q
Somatic
A
anything related to the body
physical
functions that are under voluntary control.
15
Q
sensory
A
- sensation
– physical senses
16
Q
oculomotor
A
eye movement
pupil reflex
17
Q
trochlear
A
eye movement
18
Q
trigeminal
A
face sensation
chewing
19
Q
glossopharyngeal
A
throat sensation
taste
swallowing
20
Q
abducens
A
eye movement
21
Q
facial
A
face movement
taste
22
Q
vestibulocochlear
A
hearing
balance
23
Q
vagus
A
movement
sensation
abdominal organs
24
Q
accessory
A
neck movement
25
hypoglossal
tongue movement
26
Which nervous system usually maintains a heart rate of 72 beats per minute?
parasympathetic nervous system
27
Autonomic ganglia
clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the cns that regulate involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing.
28
parasympathetic tone.
sympathetic tone.
basically the same as the original name parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system "rest and digest" "fight or flight"
29
Autonomic tone
is the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.
30
31
postganglionic neurons are found
vertebral column. Their chainlike appearance name sympathetic chain ganglia.
32
phenomenon
event
33
Which of the following cranial nerves is not involved in the parasympathetic nervous system?
parasympathetic nervous system, or craniosacral division, the cranial nerves involved are the oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves.
34
targets and main effects of (EYE) CN III oculomtor
target: smooth muscle cells around pupil and lens
main effects; constriction of pupil
adjustment of lens for near vision
35
target and main effect of (LACRIMAL AND SALIVARY GLANDS) CN VII facial and glossopharyngeal (IX)
target: cells of lacrimal
salivary glands
main effects: increase in secretions
36
secretions
substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, organ
ex: tear and sweat
37
target and main effects
(HEART) vagus (X)
Target: cardiac muscle cell
main effects: decrease in heart rate
38
target and main effects
(LUNG AND BRONCHIOLE) vagus (X)
target: smooth muscle cells of bronchioles
main effects: bronchoconstriction
39
target and main effects
(LIVER, STOMACH, GALLBLADDER, PANCREAS, LARGE & SMALL INTESTINE)) vagus (X)
Target: smooth muscle cells of digestive tract and sphincters
main effects: contraction of digestive tract smooth muscle, relaxation of sphincters
40
lesion
wound, injury
41
what is the main integration center of the ANS
hypothalamus
42
Muscarinic receptors
G-coupled protein receptors involved in the parasympathetic nervous system.
43
Which division of the nervous system functions to conserve energy and replenish the supply of nutrients?
Parasympathetic
44
ganglion
clusters of cell bodies
45
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions can maintain a balance in most organs and that ensures that the body’s needs are met appropriately at all times due to:
dual innervation.
46
Parasympathetic neurons associated with the oculomotor nerve (CN III) synapse with ___________ ganglia before continuing on to their effector.
ciliary
47
Ciliary
refers to anything related to or resembling cilia, which are tiny hair-like structures found on the surface of certain cells.
48
amygdala
emotions of fearful and threatening
49
What is responsible for keeping blood vessels partially constricted at all times?
Sympathetic tone
50
synapse
The places where neurons connect and communicate with each other
51
Bronchoconstriction
a tightening of smooth muscle surrounding the bronchi and bronchioles with consequent wheezing and shortness of breath.
52
ganglion
a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
53
somatic nervous system
dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia among a few others.
54
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in:
terminal ganglia.
55
Decreased parasympathetic stimulation could cause which of the following actions?
Dry mouth
56
The ability of the ANS to regulate an organ’s function under both emergency situations and resting conditions is possible due to:
dual innervation.
57
The preganglionic axons of CN VII may extend to which of the following ganglia?
Submandibular
58
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in:
terminal ganglia.
59
preganglipic are... and postganglionic are?
preganglionic are long(purple) and postganglionic is short (green)
60
what other sympathetic ganglion for bladder
collateral ganglion
61
vasodilation
widening of blood vessels.
62
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are classified as __________ receptors.
cholinergic
63
Acetylcholine
is a neurotransmitter—a chemical messenger in the nervous system—that plays a key role in transmitting signals between nerve cells and between nerves and muscles.
64
sympathetic ganglia
relay signals between nerve cells in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. They help coordinate the body's "fight or flight" response by regulating functions such as heart rate, airway dilation, and blood flow redirection.
65
inhibits
prevents
66
Where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate?
Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
67
Interfaced
connect or interact between different systems
68
Acetylcholine binds to:
nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.
69
define rami(plural) rami(singular)
a branch or division of a larger structure, such as a nerve, artery, or bone.
70
ascend
move upward
71
what only deals with epinephrine and norepinephrine
sympathetic nervous system
72
Myelinated preganglionic fibers that connect the anterior rami of spinal nerves with the sympathetic chain ganglia travel through:
white rami communicantes.
73
why Adrenal ganglia are located within the kidney.
Adrenal ganglia are located within the adrenal medulla, not the kidney. The adrenal medulla is the internal part of the adrenal glands, which sit atop each kidney, not within the kidney.
74
Receptors that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as __________.
adrenergic
75
Receptors that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as __________.
adrenergic
76
What neurotransmitter is released by the axon of a sympathetic preganglionic neuron to communicate with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron?
Acetylcholine
77
What neurotransmitter is released by the axon of a sympathetic preganglionic neuron to communicate with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron?
Acetylcholine
78
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are also known as
noradrenaline and adrenaline,
79
Drugs known as β-blockers are most likely to affect __________.
heart rate
80
Regions of skin supplied by a spinal nerve for somatic sensation are known as __________.
81
What is the central processing of the body?
brain
82
Which component of a somatic sensory neuron transmits an action potential from the peripheral process to the posterior horn?
Central process
83
A receptor potential _______________________.
leads to an action potential if the stimulus is strong enough
84
What mechanoreceptor is activated by high-frequency vibratory stimuli and deep pressure?
Lamellated corpuscles
85
Intrafusal
specialized muscle fibers found within muscle spindles, which are sensory organs located within skeletal muscles.
86
Contractile(context of muscle)
refers to the ability of muscle fibers to shorten or generate tension, leading to movement or force production.
87
Most lower motor neurons within a motor neuron pool are the large
α-motor neurons.
88
The small lower motor neurons that innervate intrafusal muscle fibers that are part of specialized stretch receptors are called _____________.
γ-motor neurons
89
What disease affects both the upper and lower motor neurons and typically results in death within 5 years of disease onset?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
90
Motor neuron pools consist of __________.
lower motor neurons
91
What reflex causes muscle relaxation?
Golgi tendon reflex
92
Muscle groups that produce fine movements, like the extrinsic eye muscles, have _________ of muscle spindles compared to muscle groups that produce course movements.
a large number
93
____________ detect the force generated by a muscle contraction.
Golgi tendon organs
94
Which of the following complements the flexion (withdrawal) reflex?
Crossed-extension reflex
95
Clonus
an abnormal reflex response that involves involuntary and rhythmic muscle contractions.
96
____________ detect the force generated by a muscle contraction.
Golgi tendon organs
97
Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a Golgi tendon organ?
It consists of an encapsulated bundle of collagen fibers attached to about 20 extrafusal muscle fibers.
98
What reflex is caused by stimulation of nociceptors?
Flexion reflex
99
Which of the following symptoms is characterized by extending the big toe and spreading out the other toes when the bottom of the foot is stroked on a patient with an upper motor neuron disorder?
Babinski sign
100
What nerve causes the painful tingling sensation when you hit your “funny bone”?
Ulnar nerve
101
What receptors would detect a temperature of 52°C?
Nociceptors
102
What sensors are located in the musculoskeletal system and detect the movement and position of a joint or body part?
Proprioceptors
103
Which of the following events is not a step in the pathway for detection and perception of somatic sensation?
The central process transmits the action potential to the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
104
Sensory transduction occurs in __________.
PNS sensory neurons
105
Which cranial nerve is generally thought of as a mixed nerve?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
106
What nerve is unique in that it has a spinal origin?
Accessory nerve (XI)
107
Which of the following houses motor neurons?
Anterior root of spinal nerve
108
Bell’s palsy affects the __________ nerve.
facial nerve
109
extraocular muscles
six muscles that control the movements of the eyes
110
What nerve stimulates the masseter and temporalis muscles to elevate the mandible during mastication and swallowing?
Trigeminal (V) nerve
111
Which nerve has the sensory functions of taste in the posterior one-third of the tongue and detecting changes in blood pressure of the carotid artery?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
112
Where does the motor portion of the facial nerve (VII) originate?
Nuclei in the pons and medulla
113
What two nerves do not arise from the brain stem?
Olfactory and optic nerves
114
Which branch is not part of the trigeminal nerve?
Buccal nerve
115
Which is not a primary function of the oculomotor nerve (III)?
Dilates the pupil
116
The ______________ of the peripheral nervous sytems consists of lower motor neurons that directly innervate skeletal muscle fibers.
somatic motor division
117
What connective tissue sheath wraps the axon of a neuron?
Endoneurium
118
Which somatic motor neuron innervates the lateral rectus muscle?
Abducens nerve (VI)
