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Spring 24 > CH 13 STUDY EXAM > Flashcards

CH 13 STUDY EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Photorecepteors?

A

response to light

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2
Q

Chemoreceptors?

A

response to chemicals

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3
Q

Nociceptors?

A

response to damaging stimuli, causing pain

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4
Q

Themoreceptors?

A

response to temp “changes” (hot and cold)

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5
Q

Mechanoreceptors?

A

response to mechanical force(pressure and vibration)

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6
Q

Exteroceptoes?

A

Detect stimuli originating outside of the body

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7
Q

Interoceptors?

A

detect stimuli originating inside the body

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8
Q

Proprioceptors?

A

monitor body position and stretch, located in the musculoskeletal system

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9
Q

Golgi tendon?

A

a proprioceptor sense organ that receives information from you tendon that senses TENSION

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10
Q

innervation

A

to supply with nerves

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11
Q

Somatic motor control

A

ability of the brain and nervous system to regulate voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

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12
Q

sympathetic chain ganglia.

A

a series of interconnected clusters of nerve cell bodies located on both sides of the spinal cord. These ganglia are part of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the body’s “fight or flight” response to stress or danger.

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13
Q

dual innervation.

A

he mechanism in which one organ can receive fibres (also known as receiving innervation) from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems.

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14
Q

Somatic

A

anything related to the body
physical
functions that are under voluntary control.

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15
Q

sensory

A
  • sensation
    – physical senses
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16
Q

oculomotor

A

eye movement
pupil reflex

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17
Q

trochlear

A

eye movement

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18
Q

trigeminal

A

face sensation
chewing

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19
Q

glossopharyngeal

A

throat sensation
taste
swallowing

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20
Q

abducens

A

eye movement

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21
Q

facial

A

face movement
taste

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22
Q

vestibulocochlear

A

hearing
balance

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23
Q

vagus

A

movement
sensation
abdominal organs

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24
Q

accessory

A

neck movement

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25
Q

hypoglossal

A

tongue movement

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26
Q

Which nervous system usually maintains a heart rate of 72 beats per minute?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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27
Q

Autonomic ganglia

A

clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the cns that regulate involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

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28
Q

parasympathetic tone.
sympathetic tone.

A

basically the same as the original name parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system “rest and digest” “fight or flight”

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29
Q

Autonomic tone

A

is the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

postganglionic neurons are found

A

vertebral column. Their chainlike appearance name sympathetic chain ganglia.

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32
Q

phenomenon

A

event

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33
Q

Which of the following cranial nerves is not involved in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

parasympathetic nervous system, or craniosacral division, the cranial nerves involved are the oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves.

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34
Q

targets and main effects of (EYE) CN III oculomtor

A

target: smooth muscle cells around pupil and lens

main effects; constriction of pupil
adjustment of lens for near vision

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35
Q

target and main effect of (LACRIMAL AND SALIVARY GLANDS) CN VII facial and glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

target: cells of lacrimal
salivary glands

main effects: increase in secretions

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36
Q

secretions

A

substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, organ

ex: tear and sweat

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37
Q

target and main effects
(HEART) vagus (X)

A

Target: cardiac muscle cell

main effects: decrease in heart rate

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38
Q

target and main effects
(LUNG AND BRONCHIOLE) vagus (X)

A

target: smooth muscle cells of bronchioles
main effects: bronchoconstriction

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39
Q

target and main effects
(LIVER, STOMACH, GALLBLADDER, PANCREAS, LARGE & SMALL INTESTINE)) vagus (X)

A

Target: smooth muscle cells of digestive tract and sphincters

main effects: contraction of digestive tract smooth muscle, relaxation of sphincters

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40
Q

lesion

A

wound, injury

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41
Q

what is the main integration center of the ANS

A

hypothalamus

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42
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

G-coupled protein receptors involved in the parasympathetic nervous system.

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43
Q

Which division of the nervous system functions to conserve energy and replenish the supply of nutrients?

A

Parasympathetic

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44
Q

ganglion

A

clusters of cell bodies

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45
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions can maintain a balance in most organs and that ensures that the body’s needs are met appropriately at all times due to:

A

dual innervation.

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46
Q

Parasympathetic neurons associated with the oculomotor nerve (CN III) synapse with ___________ ganglia before continuing on to their effector.

A

ciliary

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47
Q

Ciliary

A

refers to anything related to or resembling cilia, which are tiny hair-like structures found on the surface of certain cells.

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48
Q

amygdala

A

emotions of fearful and threatening

49
Q

What is responsible for keeping blood vessels partially constricted at all times?

A

Sympathetic tone

50
Q

synapse

A

The places where neurons connect and communicate with each other

51
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

a tightening of smooth muscle surrounding the bronchi and bronchioles with consequent wheezing and shortness of breath.

52
Q

ganglion

A

a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

53
Q

somatic nervous system

A

dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia among a few others.

54
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in:

A

terminal ganglia.

55
Q

Decreased parasympathetic stimulation could cause which of the following actions?

A

Dry mouth

56
Q

The ability of the ANS to regulate an organ’s function under both emergency situations and resting conditions is possible due to:

A

dual innervation.

57
Q

The preganglionic axons of CN VII may extend to which of the following ganglia?

A

Submandibular

58
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in:

A

terminal ganglia.

59
Q

preganglipic are… and postganglionic are?

A

preganglionic are long(purple) and postganglionic is short (green)

60
Q

what other sympathetic ganglion for bladder

A

collateral ganglion

61
Q

vasodilation

A

widening of blood vessels.

62
Q

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are classified as __________ receptors.

A

cholinergic

63
Q

Acetylcholine

A

is a neurotransmitter—a chemical messenger in the nervous system—that plays a key role in transmitting signals between nerve cells and between nerves and muscles.

64
Q

sympathetic ganglia

A

relay signals between nerve cells in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. They help coordinate the body’s “fight or flight” response by regulating functions such as heart rate, airway dilation, and blood flow redirection.

65
Q

inhibits

A

prevents

66
Q

Where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate?

A

Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord

67
Q

Interfaced

A

connect or interact between different systems

68
Q

Acetylcholine binds to:

A

nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.

69
Q

define rami(plural) rami(singular)

A

a branch or division of a larger structure, such as a nerve, artery, or bone.

70
Q

ascend

A

move upward

71
Q

what only deals with epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

sympathetic nervous system

72
Q

Myelinated preganglionic fibers that connect the anterior rami of spinal nerves with the sympathetic chain ganglia travel through:

A

white rami communicantes.

73
Q

why Adrenal ganglia are located within the kidney.

A

Adrenal ganglia are located within the adrenal medulla, not the kidney. The adrenal medulla is the internal part of the adrenal glands, which sit atop each kidney, not within the kidney.

74
Q

Receptors that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as __________.

A

adrenergic

75
Q

Receptors that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as __________.

A

adrenergic

76
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by the axon of a sympathetic preganglionic neuron to communicate with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron?

A

Acetylcholine

77
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by the axon of a sympathetic preganglionic neuron to communicate with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron?

A

Acetylcholine

78
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are also known as

A

noradrenaline and adrenaline,

79
Q

Drugs known as β-blockers are most likely to affect __________.

A

heart rate

80
Q

Regions of skin supplied by a spinal nerve for somatic sensation are known as __________.

A
81
Q

What is the central processing of the body?

A

brain

82
Q

Which component of a somatic sensory neuron transmits an action potential from the peripheral process to the posterior horn?

A

Central process

83
Q

A receptor potential _______________________.

A

leads to an action potential if the stimulus is strong enough

84
Q

What mechanoreceptor is activated by high-frequency vibratory stimuli and deep pressure?

A

Lamellated corpuscles

85
Q

Intrafusal

A

specialized muscle fibers found within muscle spindles, which are sensory organs located within skeletal muscles.

86
Q

Contractile(context of muscle)

A

refers to the ability of muscle fibers to shorten or generate tension, leading to movement or force production.

87
Q

Most lower motor neurons within a motor neuron pool are the large

A

α-motor neurons.

88
Q

The small lower motor neurons that innervate intrafusal muscle fibers that are part of specialized stretch receptors are called _____________.

A

γ-motor neurons

89
Q

What disease affects both the upper and lower motor neurons and typically results in death within 5 years of disease onset?

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

90
Q

Motor neuron pools consist of __________.

A

lower motor neurons

91
Q

What reflex causes muscle relaxation?

A

Golgi tendon reflex

92
Q

Muscle groups that produce fine movements, like the extrinsic eye muscles, have _________ of muscle spindles compared to muscle groups that produce course movements.

A

a large number

93
Q

____________ detect the force generated by a muscle contraction.

A

Golgi tendon organs

94
Q

Which of the following complements the flexion (withdrawal) reflex?

A

Crossed-extension reflex

95
Q

Clonus

A

an abnormal reflex response that involves involuntary and rhythmic muscle contractions.

96
Q

____________ detect the force generated by a muscle contraction.

A

Golgi tendon organs

97
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a Golgi tendon organ?

A

It consists of an encapsulated bundle of collagen fibers attached to about 20 extrafusal muscle fibers.

98
Q

What reflex is caused by stimulation of nociceptors?

A

Flexion reflex

99
Q

Which of the following symptoms is characterized by extending the big toe and spreading out the other toes when the bottom of the foot is stroked on a patient with an upper motor neuron disorder?

A

Babinski sign

100
Q

What nerve causes the painful tingling sensation when you hit your “funny bone”?

A

Ulnar nerve

101
Q

What receptors would detect a temperature of 52°C?

A

Nociceptors

102
Q

What sensors are located in the musculoskeletal system and detect the movement and position of a joint or body part?

A

Proprioceptors

103
Q

Which of the following events is not a step in the pathway for detection and perception of somatic sensation?

A

The central process transmits the action potential to the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

104
Q

Sensory transduction occurs in __________.

A

PNS sensory neurons

105
Q

Which cranial nerve is generally thought of as a mixed nerve?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

106
Q

What nerve is unique in that it has a spinal origin?

A

Accessory nerve (XI)

107
Q

Which of the following houses motor neurons?

A

Anterior root of spinal nerve

108
Q

Bell’s palsy affects the __________ nerve.

A

facial nerve

109
Q

extraocular muscles

A

six muscles that control the movements of the eyes

110
Q

What nerve stimulates the masseter and temporalis muscles to elevate the mandible during mastication and swallowing?

A

Trigeminal (V) nerve

111
Q

Which nerve has the sensory functions of taste in the posterior one-third of the tongue and detecting changes in blood pressure of the carotid artery?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

112
Q

Where does the motor portion of the facial nerve (VII) originate?

A

Nuclei in the pons and medulla

113
Q

What two nerves do not arise from the brain stem?

A

Olfactory and optic nerves

114
Q

Which branch is not part of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Buccal nerve

115
Q

Which is not a primary function of the oculomotor nerve (III)?

A

Dilates the pupil

116
Q

The ______________ of the peripheral nervous sytems consists of lower motor neurons that directly innervate skeletal muscle fibers.

A

somatic motor division

117
Q

What connective tissue sheath wraps the axon of a neuron?

A

Endoneurium

118
Q

Which somatic motor neuron innervates the lateral rectus muscle?

A

Abducens nerve (VI)

Spring 24 (17 decks)

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