AP EXAM 3 (NEED REVIEW)

Question 1

Name the neuroglial cells present in the CNS

Answer 1

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

Question 2

Name the neuroglial cells present in the PNS

Answer 2

Schwann cells
Satelite cells

Question 3

describe the functions of Astrocytes:

Answer 3

Provide structural support, regulate ion and neurotransmitter levels, and participate in the blood-brain barrier.

Question 4

describe the functions of Oligodendrocytes

Answer 4

Form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS, speeding up signal transmission.

Question 5

describe the functions of Microglia

Answer 5

Act as immune cells, clearing debris and pathogens. Ependymal cells: Line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord, producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Question 6

describe the functions of Schwann cells

Answer 6

Similar to oligodendrocytes, but they myelinate axons in the PNS.

Question 7

Satellite cells

Answer 7

Provide support and regulate the microenvironment around ganglia.

Question 8

What are the nodes of Rnavier

Answer 8

space between the myelin sheath

Question 9

what are the diff types of organelles of a neuron?

Answer 9

Multipolar neurons
Bipolar neurons
Pseudounipolar neurons

Question 10

what are the function of (Multipolar neurons) organelles of a neuron?

Answer 10

Found in the CNS, with multiple dendrites and a single axon.

Question 11

what are the function of (Bipolar neurons) organelles of a neuron?

Answer 11

Typically sensory neurons found in specialized sensory organs like the retina of the eye or the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity.

Question 12

what are the function of (Pseudounipolar neurons) organelles of a neuron?

Answer 12

Typically found in sensory ganglia of the PNS, with a single process that splits into two branches, functioning as an axon and dendrite.

Question 13

Describe sensory neurons

Answer 13

Transmit sensory information from sensory receptors to the CNS.

Question 14

Describe interneurons

Answer 14

Found exclusively in the CNS, they integrate and process information between sensory and motor neurons.

Question 15

Describe motor neurons

Answer 15

Transmit signals from the CNS to effectors such as muscles or glands.

Question 16

What is myelin and why are some axons myelinated?

Answer 16

Myelin is a fatty substance that insulates axons, speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses. Some axons are myelinated to increase the speed and efficiency of signal conduction.

Question 17

Describe the different types of ion channels present at different locations in the neuron.

Answer 17

Voltage-gated channels: Found along the axon, responsible for generating and propagating action potentials.

Ligand-gated channels: Present in the dendrites and cell body, responsible for neurotransmitter-mediated synaptic transmission.

Question 18

What is the typical resting membrane potential for a neuron?

Answer 18

-70 millivolts (mV).

Question 19

Describe the similarities and differences between local potentials versus action potentials.

Answer 19

Similarities: Both involve changes in membrane potential. Both can lead to depolarization or hyperpolarization.

Differences: Local potentials are graded, decremental, and reversible, while action potentials are all-or-nothing, non-decremental, and irreversible.

Question 20

Which ion is typically responsible for local potentials (small depolarizations in a small area)?

Answer 20

Sodium ions (Na+).

Question 21

stimulated

Answer 21

to excite to activity or growth or to greater activity

Question 22

Why is the refractory period important?

Answer 22

The refractory period ensures the propagation of action potentials in one direction and limits the frequency of action potentials.

Question 23

Muscarinic

Answer 23

Muscarinic refers to a type of receptor in the nervous system that responds to a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. These receptors play a role in controlling various bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, and muscle movement.

Question 24

What is the difference between an EPSP and an IPSP? Predict whether activation of a given neurotransmitter receptor will generate an EPSP or an IPSP.

Answer 24

EPSP (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential): Depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, increasing the likelihood of an action potential.

IPSP (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential): Hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential.

Question 25

What neurotransmitter is present at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 25

Acetylcholine (ACh).

Question 26

Frontal lobe describe the functional areas

Answer 26

Responsible for higher cognitive functions, voluntary movement, reasoning, and planning.

Question 27

Parietal lobe describe the functional areas

Answer 27

Processes sensory information from the body and is involved in spatial awareness and perception.

Question 28

Temporal lobe describe the functional areas

Answer 28

Primarily responsible for auditory processing, memory, emotion, and language comprehension.

Question 29

Occipital lobe describe the functional areas

Answer 29

Specialized for visual processing and interpretation.

Question 30

What is an association area?

Answer 30

regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate and interpret information from multiple sensory or motor areas. (a way of transforming information and communication)

Question 31

What is the general function of the basal nuclei?

Answer 31

known as basal ganglia, are a group of subcortical structures involved in motor control, cognition, and emotion.