AP EXAM 3 (NEED REVIEW) Flashcards
Name the neuroglial cells present in the CNS
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Name the neuroglial cells present in the PNS
Schwann cells
Satelite cells
describe the functions of Astrocytes:
Provide structural support, regulate ion and neurotransmitter levels, and participate in the blood-brain barrier.
describe the functions of Oligodendrocytes
Form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS, speeding up signal transmission.
describe the functions of Microglia
Act as immune cells, clearing debris and pathogens. Ependymal cells: Line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord, producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
describe the functions of Schwann cells
Similar to oligodendrocytes, but they myelinate axons in the PNS.
Satellite cells
Provide support and regulate the microenvironment around ganglia.
What are the nodes of Rnavier
space between the myelin sheath
what are the diff types of organelles of a neuron?
Multipolar neurons
Bipolar neurons
Pseudounipolar neurons
what are the function of (Multipolar neurons) organelles of a neuron?
Found in the CNS, with multiple dendrites and a single axon.
what are the function of (Bipolar neurons) organelles of a neuron?
Typically sensory neurons found in specialized sensory organs like the retina of the eye or the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity.
what are the function of (Pseudounipolar neurons) organelles of a neuron?
Typically found in sensory ganglia of the PNS, with a single process that splits into two branches, functioning as an axon and dendrite.
Describe sensory neurons
Transmit sensory information from sensory receptors to the CNS.
Describe interneurons
Found exclusively in the CNS, they integrate and process information between sensory and motor neurons.
Describe motor neurons
Transmit signals from the CNS to effectors such as muscles or glands.
What is myelin and why are some axons myelinated?
Myelin is a fatty substance that insulates axons, speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses. Some axons are myelinated to increase the speed and efficiency of signal conduction.
Describe the different types of ion channels present at different locations in the neuron.
Voltage-gated channels: Found along the axon, responsible for generating and propagating action potentials.
Ligand-gated channels: Present in the dendrites and cell body, responsible for neurotransmitter-mediated synaptic transmission.
What is the typical resting membrane potential for a neuron?
-70 millivolts (mV).
Describe the similarities and differences between local potentials versus action potentials.
Similarities: Both involve changes in membrane potential. Both can lead to depolarization or hyperpolarization.
Differences: Local potentials are graded, decremental, and reversible, while action potentials are all-or-nothing, non-decremental, and irreversible.
Which ion is typically responsible for local potentials (small depolarizations in a small area)?
Sodium ions (Na+).
stimulated
to excite to activity or growth or to greater activity
Why is the refractory period important?
The refractory period ensures the propagation of action potentials in one direction and limits the frequency of action potentials.
Muscarinic
Muscarinic refers to a type of receptor in the nervous system that responds to a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. These receptors play a role in controlling various bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, and muscle movement.
What is the difference between an EPSP and an IPSP? Predict whether activation of a given neurotransmitter receptor will generate an EPSP or an IPSP.
EPSP (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential): Depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, increasing the likelihood of an action potential.
IPSP (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential): Hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential.
