A&P Exam 2 Flashcards
Functions of the skeletal system and explain tissues found in bones perform each function?
Skeletal system provides:
support
protection
movement
mineral storage
blood cell formation(hematopoiesis)
Bones consists of CT
primarily bone tissue (osseous tissue) which contains bone cells, collagen fibers and mineral deposits (mainly calcium and phosphate)
list the 5 shapes used to classify bones?
long
short
irregular
sesamoid
flat
what are examples of the shape?
Long bones: Femur, humerus, tibia.
Short bones: Carpals, tarsals, patella.
Flat bones: Skull bones (parietal, frontal), scapula, ribs.
Irregular bones: Vertebrae, facial bones (maxilla, mandible), hip bones.
Sesamoid bones: Patella, pisiform bone in the wrist.
Draw a long bone and label its parts.
A long bone consists of a shaft (diaphysis), ends (epiphyses), metaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, and compact and spongy bone tissue.
Compare and contrast red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow.
Red bone marrow produces blood cells,
yellow bone marrow stores fat.
Both are found in the medullary cavity of long bones.
Describe the components of bone tissue.
Bone tissue comprises osteocytes (bone cells), collagen fibers, and mineral deposits (calcium phosphate).
Explain how the extracellular components of bone tissue contribute to the properties of bone tissue.
Collagen fibers provide flexibility and tensile strength, while mineral deposits provide hardness and compressive strength to bone tissue.
Describe the configuration of structures made of compact bone versus spongy bone.
Compact bone forms the dense outer layer of bones, while spongy bone forms the inner trabecular network, providing strength with reduced weight.
Compare and contrast intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
Intramembranous ossification forms bones directly from mesenchyme tissue, while endochondral ossification forms bones from a cartilage template.
Compare the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling.
Osteoblasts build bone tissue by secreting matrix, while osteoclasts break down bone tissue during remodeling.
Compare and contrast longitudinal and appositional (widening) bone growth.
Longitudinal growth increases bone length at the growth plates, while appositional growth increases bone diameter by adding layers of bone tissue.
Describe the effects of growth hormone, testosterone, estrogen, and Vitamin D on bone
growth and remodeling.
Growth hormone, testosterone, estrogen, and Vitamin D promote bone growth and remodeling.
Describe how parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates blood calcium levels.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity and calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.
Describe the healing process for bone fractures.
Fracture healing involves inflammation, formation of a callus, remodeling of the callus into bone tissue, and eventual bone remodeling.
What is depression?
allow for the passage of blood vessels and nerves
What is opening?
accommodate organs and vessels
what is Projections?
serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments.
If the ECM of a bone lacked osteoid, what impact would that have on the structure and function of the bone?
The bone becomes more brittle and shatters more easily.
Correctly describes the organization of skeletal muscle from largest to smallest elements?
Muscle–> Fascicle–> Muscle fiber–> myofibril–> sarcomere
Which of the following shorten(decrease in length) during an isotonic muscle contraction?
the l band
Which bone is part of the appendicular?
scapula
The ultrastructure of spongy bone includes branching structures called what?
Trabeculae(Trabeculae are small, bony struts or beams within bones that help give them strength and support. They form a network-like structure that provides stability while also allowing for the passage of blood vessels and other important tissues within the bone.)
Resistance training increases the size of muscles by stiumulating widespread mitosis in muscle fibers (true or false)
false
During longitudinal growth at the epiphyseal plate, new bone material is added wher?
To the diaphysis(
The diaphysis is the main, cylindrical portion of a long bone, located between the two ends (epiphyses). It’s primarily made up of compact bone tissue and contains the bone marrow cavity, which produces blood cells.)
