Ch 12

Question 1

Abnormality as deviation from the average

Answer 1

We simply observe what behaviours are rare or infrequent in a given society or culture and label these deviations from the norm “abnormal”

insufficient

Question 2

Abnormality as deviation from the ideal

Answer 2

Considering behaviour abnormal if it deviates enough from some form of ideal or cultural standard

inadequate

Question 3

Abnormality as a sense of personal discomfort

Answer 3

Concentrates on the psychological consequences of the behavior for the
individual

Question 4

Abnormality as the inability to function effectively:

Answer 4

Most people are able to feed themselves, hold a job, get along with
others, and in general live as productive members of society

Question 5

Abnormality as a legal concept:

Answer 5

To the judicial system, the
distinction between normal and abnormal behaviour rests on the
definition of **“insanity” **which is a legal, but not a psychological,
term.

Question 6

Medical perspective

(1st on psychological disorders)

Answer 6

when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behaviour, the root cause will be found in a physical examination of the
individual.

Which may reveal a hormonal imbalance, a chemical deficiency, or a brain injury.

Question 7

Psychoanalytic perspective

(2nd on psychological disorders)

Answer 7

abnormal behaviour stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression.

Question 8

Behavioural perspective

(3rd on psychological disorders)

Answer 8

looks at the behaviour itself as the problem.

Says that both normal and abnormal behaviours as responses to various stimuli, that have been learned through past experience and that are guided in the present by stimuli in the individual’s environment.

Question 9

Defining Abnormality

Answer 9

psychologists typically define abnormal behaviour broadly, considering it to be behaviour that causes people to experience
distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives.

It’s best to view abnormal behaviour and normal behaviour as marking
two ends of a continuum rather than as absolute states.

Question 10

6 major perspectives

Answer 10

used to understand psychological disorders.

Question 11

Critics of Medical Perspective

Answer 11

cite that there are many forms of abnormal behaviour for which no biological cause has been identified.

Question 12

Critis of Psychoanalytic Perspective

Answer 12

no conclusive way of linking people’s childhood
experiences with the abnormal behaviours they display as adults.

We can never be sure that the causes suggested by psychoanalytic theory are
accurate.

Question 13

Critics of Behavioural Perspective

Answer 13

state that this perspective ignores the rich inner world of thoughts, attitudes, and emotions that may contribute to abnormal behaviour.

Question 14

Cognitive perspective

(4th on psychological disorders)

Answer 14

people’s thoughts and beliefs are a central component of abnormal behaviour.

Question 15

Cognitive Perspective

Answer 15

States that there are circumstances in which negative beliefs may not be irrational at all, but simply reflect the unpleasant environments in
which people live.

Question 16

Treatment of Cognitive Perspective

Answer 16

is to teach new, more adaptive ways of thinking.

Question 17

Critics of Cognitive Perspective

Answer 17

cite that it is possible that maladaptive cognitions are the symptoms or consequences of disorders, rather than their cause.

Question 18

Humanistic perspective

(5th on psychological disorders)

Answer 18

People must have responsibility for their own behaviour, even when such behaviour
is abnormal.

Question 19

Humanistic perspective views people

Answer 19

as having an awareness of life and of themselves that leads them to search for meaning and self-worth, rather than if individuals require a “cure,”

Therefore, if they are not hurting others and do not feel personal distress, people should be
free to choose the behaviours in which they engage.

Question 20

Critics of Humanistic perspective

Answer 20

this perpective is unscientific, based on unverifiable informaiton, and is more philosophical

Question 21

Sociocultural perspective

(6th on psychological disorders)

Answer 21

people’s behaviour—both normal and abnormal—is shaped by the kind of
family group, society, and culture in which they live.

Question 22

According to Sociocultural

Answer 22

the nature of one’s relationships with others may support abnormal behaviours and even cause them

And the kinds of stresses and conflicts people experience in their daily interactions with others can either promote or maintain abnormal behaviour

Question 23

Critics of Sociocultural

Answer 23

provides little specific guidance for the
treatment of individuals showing mental disturbance, because the focus is on broader
societal factors.

Question 24

Medical

Answer 24

Assumes that physiological causes are at the root of psychological disorders

Question 25

Treatment using Medical

Answer 25

Examine client for medical problems,
such as brain tumour, chemical
imbalance in the brain, or repetitive
brain injury

Question 26

Psychoanalytic

Answer 26

Argues that psychological disorders stem from childhood conflicts

Question 27

Treatment using Psychoanalytic

Answer 27

Seek out information about client’s past,
considering possible childhood trauma

Question 28

Behavioural

Answer 28

Assumes that abnormal behaviours are learned
responses

Question 29

Treatment using Behavioural

Answer 29

Identify environmental stimuli that
reinforce client’s behaviour; teach new
skills to help him overcome his anxiety

Question 30

Cognitive

Answer 30

Assumes that cognitions (people’s thoughts and
beliefs) are central to psychological disorders

Question 31

Treatment using Cognitive

Answer 31

Focus on client’s perceptions of self and thoughts about his environment

Question 32

Humanistic

Answer 32

Emphasizes people’s responsibility for their own
behaviour and the need to self-actualize

Question 33

Treatment of Humanistic

Answer 33

Consider client’s behaviour in terms of
his choices and efforts to reach his
potential

Question 34

Sociocultural

Answer 34

Assumes that behaviour is shaped by family, society, and culture

Question 35

Treatment using Sociocultural

Answer 35

Focus on how societal demands
contributed to client’s disorder

Question 36

Indigenous view mental health

Answer 36

as a multi-factored issue.

Question 37

The Multi-Factored Model of Mental Health

Answer 37

conceptualizes physical, mental, emotional,
and spiritual health as being essential in integration for psychological well-being.

Question 38

Spirituality

Answer 38

has traditionally been a key aspect of recovery in psychological healing practices among the First Nations

Many psychologists have noted the link between spirituality and psychological health.