Ch 12 Flashcards
Which of the following nutrients is crucial in maintaining blood health?
A) thiamin
B) folate
C) phosphorus
D) calcium
B) folate
Which of the following cells are key to our immune function?
A) erythrocytes
B) leukocytes
C) osteoclasts
D) osteocytes
B) leukocytes
The most common mineral deficiency worldwide is:
A) calcium.
B) vitamin B12.
C) iron.
D) folate.
C) iron.
The oxygen-carrying protein found in our red blood cells is called:
A) myoglobin.
B) hemoglobin.
C) iron.
D) hemosiderin.
B) hemoglobin.
The oxygen-carrying protein used to transport oxygen in muscle is called:
A) myoglobin.
B) hemoglobin.
C) iron.
D) ferritin.
A) myoglobin.
The “meat factor” is:
A) a substance found in meat, fish, and poultry that enhances iron absorption.
B) a substance found in meat that enhances folate absorption.
C) a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of protein and fat.
D) the increased need for protein by the mother during pregnancy.
A) a substance found in meat, fish, and poultry that enhances iron absorption.
Which of the following will impair iron absorption?
A) low amounts of stomach acid
B) low dietary intake of iron
C) iron-deficiency anemia
D) chronic blood loss
A) low amounts of stomach acid
Iron absorption is enhanced by:
A) polyphenols.
B) fiber.
C) phytates.
D) vitamin C.
D) vitamin C.
Insufficient intake of iron will FIRST affect the body’s ___ levels.
A) hemoglobin
B) hephaestin
C) transferrin
D) ferritin
D) ferritin
The two storage forms of iron are ferritin and:
A) ceruloplasmin.
B) transferrin.
C) hemosiderin.
D) hephaestin.
C) hemosiderin.
The majority of the body’s iron is found in:
A) ferritin.
B) hemoglobin.
C) ferroportin.
D) transferrin.
B) hemoglobin.
Which of the following is the BEST source of heme iron?
A) fish
B) spinach
C) fortified bread
D) beans
A) fish
Stage I of iron deficiency is also called:
A) iron-deficiency erythropoiesis.
B) iron depletion.
C) iron-deficiency anemia.
D) microcytic anemia.
B) iron depletion.
Which of the following is a positively-charged trace mineral?
A) calcium
B) zinc
C) sodium
D) chloride
B) zinc
Which of the following aids in zinc absorption?
A) chicken
B) tomato
C) spinach
D) whole wheat bread
A) chicken
Zinc is a structural component of the DNA-binding proteins that help regulate gene expression. These proteins are known as:
A) zinc blocks.
B) zinc enzymes.
C) zinc coenzymes.
D) zinc fingers.
D) zinc fingers.
Approximately what is the highest rate of absorption of dietary zinc?
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 35%
D) 80%
C) 35%
The copper-containing protein found in the blood that oxidizes iron for transport is:
A) ferritin.
B) transferrin.
C) ceruloplasmin.
D) ferric copper.
C) ceruloplasmin.
A majority of zinc is carried by ___ in the blood.
A) transferrin
B) albumin
C) lipoproteins
D) chylomicron
B) albumin
Copper is absorbed from the:
A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) small intestine.
D) large intestine.
C) small intestine.
After absorption, which blood protein binds copper for transport to the liver?
A) transferrin
B) albumin
C) globulin
D) hemoglobin
B) albumin
Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to have a copper deficiency?
A) an adult vegan
B) premature infant fed milk-based formula
C) adolescent female gymnast
D) adolescent male long-distance runner
B) premature infant fed milk-based formula
Which disorder is associated with copper toxicity?
A) Wilson’s disease
B) anemia
C) beriberi
D) rickets
A) Wilson’s disease
Which of the following individuals would be MOST at risk for a vitamin K deficiency?
A) a 55-year-old menopausal woman
B) a 16-year-old who drinks 4-5 cans of soda each day
C) a 30-year-old with Crohn’s disease
D) a 6-year-old who doesn’t eat any vegetables
C) a 30-year-old with Crohn’s disease
The primary sources of folate in the American diet are:
A) milk and dairy products.
B) fresh fruits and vegetables.
C) meat, fish, and poultry.
D) enriched ready-to-eat cereals and bread products.
D) enriched ready-to-eat cereals and bread products.
Which form of folate is found in most supplements?
A) folic acid
B) folate
C) five hydroxy folate
D) prefolate
A) folic acid
How does folate function in maintaining blood health?
A) Folate is essential for synthesis of new red blood cells.
B) Folate is essential for the synthesis of heme iron.
C) Folate acts as a coenzyme in blood coagulation.
D) Folate is essential for iron oxidation.
A) Folate is essential for synthesis of new red blood cells.
During stage II of folate deficiency, the lack of folate results in:
A) low levels of methionine.
B) copper toxicity.
C) iron deficiency.
D) high levels of homocysteine.
D) high levels of homocysteine.
Folate deficiency during pregnancy is associated with:
A) Down’s syndrome.
B) gestational diabetes.
C) neural tube defects.
D) pellagra.
C) neural tube defects.
During the fourth and final stage of folate deficiency, the body can experience:
A) pernicious anemia.
B) iron-deficiency anemia.
C) macrocytic anemia.
D) microcytic anemia.
C) macrocytic anemia.
Stage II folate deficiency is called:
A) folate-deficiency erythropoiesis.
B) folate-deficiency anemia.
C) folate depletion.
D) negative folate balance.
C) folate depletion.
Consumption of high levels of folate supplements can mask a(n) ___ deficiency.
A) niacin
B) vitamin B6
C) iron
D) vitamin B12
D) vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is also called:
A) ascorbic acid.
B) cyanocobalamin.
C) folate.
D) pyradoxal.
B) cyanocobalamin.
Vitamin B12 plays a role in the formation of red blood cells as a component of coenzymes that:
A) synthesize heme.
B) assist with DNA synthesis.
C) assist in the coagulation of blood.
D) assist in iron oxidation.
B) assist with DNA synthesis.
Which nutrient requires intrinsic factor for absorption?
A) ascorbic acid
B) cyanocobalamin
C) zinc
D) potassium
B) cyanocobalamin
Who is MOST likely to be vitamin B12 deficient?
A) an ovo-lacto vegetarian
B) a vegan
C) an adult female who eats chicken and tuna
D) an adult male who eats hamburgers
B) a vegan
Vitamin B6 is essential for the synthesis of:
A) T cells.
B) memory cells.
C) heme iron.
D) non-heme iron.
C) heme iron.
Prothrombin and factor VII are:
A) hormones that regulate the pH of the blood.
B) proteins that are involved in the coagulation of blood.
C) cofactors of energy metabolism.
D) transport proteins that aid in the absorption of iron.
B) proteins that are involved in the coagulation of blood.
Inadequate intrinsic factor is associated with:
A) pernicious anemia.
B) sickle-cell anemia.
C) neural tube defects.
D) thalassemia.
A) pernicious anemia.
Which of the following is part of the innate branch of the immune system?
A) stomach acid
B) complement proteins
C) corticosteroids
D) lymphocytes
A) stomach acid
Antigen-sensitized cells that remain in circulation for long periods of time are called:
A) platelets.
B) erythrocytes.
C) leukocytes.
D) memory cells.
D) memory cells.
To reduce the chances of having a baby with neural tube defects, all women of child bearing potential should ensure they have an adequate intake of which vitamin?
A) niacin
B) folate
C) ascorbic acid
D) cyanocobalamin
B) folate
Pernicious anemia is classified as a type of ___ anemia.
A) macrocytic
B) microcytic
C) blood
D) autoimmune
A) macrocytic
Which of the following is part of the innate immune system?
A) T cells
B) B cells
C) plasma cells
D) natural killer cells
D) natural killer cells
Which of the following nutrients is a coenzyme for glutathione peroxidase?
A) selenium
B) copper
C) ascorbic acid
D) zinc
A) selenium
Which iron transporter helps regulate intestinal iron absorption and release?
A) hephaestin
B) ferroportin
C) platelets
D) ferritin
B) ferroportin
Red blood cells are also called:
A) platelets.
B) leukocytes.
C) enterocytes.
D) erythrocytes.
D) erythrocytes.
The cell fragments found in blood that help form clots and stop bleeding are called:
A) platelets.
B) plasma.
C) erythrocytes.
D) leukocytes.
A) platelets.
Which component of blood is fluid and necessary for maintaining adequate blood volume?
A) erythrocyte
B) leukocyte
C) platelet
D) plasma
D) plasma
In the United States, accidental overdose of ___ is the most common cause of poisoning deaths in children under age six.
A) copper
B) iron
C) lead
D) zinc
B) iron
The second stage of iron deficiency, in which the body experiences a decrease in the transport of iron, is called:
A) iron-deficiency erythropoiesis.
B) iron-deficiency anemia.
C) iron depletion.
D) hemochromatosis.
A) iron-deficiency erythropoiesis.
The small red blood cells that characterize microcytic anemia cannot transport adequate oxygen or allow for enough:
A) enzymes to be produced.
B) production of growth hormones.
C) transfer of electrons to produce energy.
D) plasma to be produced.
C) transfer of electrons to produce energy.
The cells of the specific immune system attack which of the following targets?
A) plasma
B) macrophages
C) antibodies
D) antigens
D) antigens
Which type of white blood cell can become either a memory cell or a plasma cell to be used in a specific immune response?
A) T cell
B) B cell
C) natural killer cell
D) erythrocyte
B) B cell
Which type of white blood cells fight infection by killing body cells that contain viruses or other harmful non-self substances?
A) erythrocytes
B) cytotoxic T cells
C) B cells
D) antigens
B) cytotoxic T cells
Anti-serum delivers immediate protection when administered after a snake bite by providing:
A) antibodies to attack the snake venom.
B) a small amount of snake venom to activate specific immunity.
C) neutrophils to attack the snake venom.
D) undifferentiated B cells.
A) antibodies to attack the snake venom.
Vaccinations help the body develop immunity to a disease by providing:
A) a flood of the specific microbe to cause the disease.
B) cytotoxic T cells to attack the microbes.
C) helper T cells to activate other immune cells.
D) a small amount of antigen of a specific microbe to activate the specific immune response.
D) a small amount of antigen of a specific microbe to activate the specific immune response.
How does protein-energy malnutrition affect the immune system?
A) suppresses nonspecific immune responses
B) has no effect on the immune system
C) diminishes immune response to antigens
D) enhances specific immune responses
C) diminishes immune response to antigens
How does excessive vitamin A intake affect the immune system?
A) enhances immune response
B) has no effect on the immune system
C) suppresses immune response
D) inhibits enzyme synthesis
C) suppresses immune response
Vitamins C and E protect the cell membrane from damage by:
A) natural killer cells.
B) reactive oxygen species molecules.
C) erythrocytes.
D) cytotoxic T cells.
B) reactive oxygen species molecules.
A(n) ___ deficiency results in a diminished amount of the growth factor needed for immune cells to multiply.
A) copper
B) zinc
C) selenium
D) iron
A) copper
Excessive amounts of which trace mineral can act as a potent oxidant that damages the membranes of immune cells?
A) selenium
B) calcium
C) zinc
D) iron
D) iron
Which nutrient deficiency causes viruses to multiply over a longer period of time and to mutate into more pathogenic strains?
A) zinc
B) selenium
C) iron
D) copper
B) selenium
A sign of a copper deficiency is a lack of ___ circulating in the blood.
A) erythrocytes
B) leukocytes
C) neutrophils
D) transferrin
C) neutrophils
Decreased immunocompetence is an indicator of malnutrition.
True
Heme iron is absorbed better than non-heme iron.
True
Too much iron is toxic.
True
Iron is a major mineral.
False
Non-heme iron is found only in plant-based foods.
False
The iron found in red meat is poorly absorbed compared with the iron found in spinach.
False
Hemoglobin consists of non-heme iron.
False
Calcium aids iron absorption.
False
Both excessive and insufficient intakes of zinc can impair immune function.
True
High zinc intake enhances the absorption of copper and iron.
False
Copper is a major mineral that is ubiquitous in food.
False
Without adequate vitamin K, blood does not clot properly.
True
Individuals with Crohn’s disease are at a high risk of becoming vitamin K-deficient.
True
Vitamin K is synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine.
True
Folic acid is the form of folate found in most foods.
False
Diets rich in folate are associated with elevated blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine.
False
Obesity has been associated with an increase in infection and delayed wound healing.
True
Excess vitamin A may suppress the immune system.
True
Lack of circulating neutrophils is a classic sign of copper toxicity.
False
