Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition Class > Ch 09 > Flashcards

Ch 09 Flashcards

1
Q

Approximately what percentage of the body is composed of fluid?

A) 10 - 20%
B) 30 - 45%
C) 50 - 70%
D) 60 - 80%

A

C) 50 - 70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Intracellular fluid consists of:

A) tissue fluid (interstitial fluid).
B) plasma.
C) fluid between the body cells.
D) fluid found within the cell.

A

D) fluid found within the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Plasma is an example of which fluid compartment?

A) intercellular
B) interstitial
C) intravascular
D) plasma does not contain fluid

A

C) intravascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Interstitial fluid is:

A) the fluid that flows between the cells.
B) the fluid in the bloodstream.
C) the fluid in the lymphatic system.
D) the fluid inside the cells.

A

A) the fluid that flows between the cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who would have the highest percent of total body water?

A) 20-year-old obese male
B) 20-year-old lean female
C) 20-year-old lean male
D) 20-year-old obese female

A

C) 20-year-old lean male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which of the following electrolytes is negatively charged?

A) sodium
B) potassium
C) chloride
D) calcium

A

C) chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The two most common extracellular ions are:

A) sodium and potassium.
B) potassium and chloride.
C) phosphorus and calcium.
D) sodium and chloride.

A

D) sodium and chloride.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The two most common intracellular ions are:

A) potassium and phosphate.
B) sodium and potassium.
C) phosphorus and calcium.
D) sodium and chloride.

A

A) potassium and phosphate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which of the following is a common solvent in the body?

A) alcohol
B) fat
C) water
D) carbohydrate

A

C) water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which of the following is hydrophobic?

A) amino acids
B) lipids
C) glucose
D) minerals

A

B) lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A) stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water (reducing urine output)
B) stimulates the kidneys to filter out more water (increasing urine output)
C) signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride
D) signals the kidneys to release sodium and chloride

A

C) signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of an antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A) stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water (reducing urine output)
B) stimulates the kidneys to filter out more water (increasing urine output)
C) signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride
D) signals the kidneys to release sodium and chloride

A

A) stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water (reducing urine output)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is ADH released from?

A) the pituitary gland
B) the hypothalamus
C) the kidneys
D) the liver

A

A) the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which organ plays a central role in the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure?

A) small intestine
B) kidneys
C) liver
D) pancreas

A

B) kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In the angiotensin-renin system, which protein is the active vasoconstrictor?

A) Renin
B) Angiotensinogen
C) Angiotensin I
D) Angiotensin II

A

D) Angiotensin II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Aldosterone is produced by which organ?

A) the pituitary gland
B) the hypothalamus
C) the adrenal glands
D) the kidneys

A

C) the adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Water has a high heat capacity. What does this term mean?

A) It takes a lot of energy to raise the temperature of water.
B) Water heats up or cools down very quickly.
C) Water provides a useful source of stored kilocalories.
D) Water transports the energy-yielding nutrients throughout the body.

A

A) It takes a lot of energy to raise the temperature of water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The primary reason for sweating is to:

A) maintain blood volume.
B) maintain sodium balance.
C) excrete waste products.
D) regulate body temperature.

A

D) regulate body temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which of the following will likely result if the concentration of electrolytes inside a cell is higher than in the extracellular environment?

A) The cell will swell or burst.
B) The cell will shrink and dry up.
C) The cell will undergo mitosis and divide.
D) The cell will be unaffected.

A

A) The cell will swell or burst.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which of the following stimulates the thirst mechanism?

A) increased concentration of solutes in the blood
B) elevated blood volume and pressure
C) lubrication of the mouth and throat tissues
D) decreased blood volume and pressure

A

A) increased concentration of solutes in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which region of the brain controls fluid intake?

A) brain stem
B) pituitary gland
C) central sulcus
D) hypothalamus

A

D) hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Water formed during oxidative metabolism accounts for what percentage of the water the body needs each day?

A) 0 - 5%
B) 10 - 14%
C) 20 - 25%
D) more than 30%

A

B) 10 - 14%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Insensible water loss is:

A) water lost during illness or trauma.
B) water lost during intense exercise.
C) water lost through perspiration and respiration.
D) water lost through urination.

A

C) water lost through perspiration and respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which of the following is a diuretic?

A) alcohol
B) milk
C) water
D) orange juice

A

A) alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

One “glass” of water is about equal to:

A) 24 oz.
B) 6 oz.
C) 12 oz.
D) 8 oz or 240 mL.

A

D) 8 oz or 240 mL.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Diets high in sodium are associated with:

A) breast cancer.
B) diabetes mellitus.
C) obesity.
D) high blood pressure.

A

D) high blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The AI for sodium (for adult men and women aged 19-50 years of age) is:

A) 5 g/day.
B) 1.5 g/day.
C) 2.4 g/day.
D) 3 g/day.

A

B) 1.5 g/day.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Most of the sodium consumed is absorbed from the:

A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) small intestine.
D) liver.

A

C) small intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hyponatremia is associated with:

A) insufficient intake of dietary sodium.
B) excessive intake of dietary sodium.
C) insufficient intake of dietary sodium and overhydration.
D) overhydration.

A

C) insufficient intake of dietary sodium and overhydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which of the following individuals is MOST at risk for hyperkalemia?

A) a marathon runner
B) a newborn
C) an individual who has a diet rich in processed foods
D) an individual with kidney disease

A

D) an individual with kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Hypokalemia is:

A) low levels of sodium in the blood.
B) high levels of sodium in the blood.
C) low levels of potassium in the blood.
D) high levels of potassium in the blood.

A

C) low levels of potassium in the blood.

32
Q

The majority of dietary chloride is consumed from:

A) animal protein sources.
B) alcohol.
C) table salt.
D) water.

A

C) table salt.

33
Q

What percentage of salt is composed of chloride?

A) 10%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 80%

A

C) 60%

34
Q

The majority of our body’s phosphorus is stored in the:

A) kidneys.
B) bones.
C) blood.
D) liver.

A

B) bones.

35
Q

Phosphorus in plants is primarily found in the form of ___.

A) phosphate
B) phosphorate
C) phytic acid
D) phospholipid

A

C) phytic acid

36
Q

Phosphorus absorption is enhanced by:

A) vitamin C.
B) potassium.
C) vitamin D.
D) iron.

A

C) vitamin D.

37
Q

Which of the following individuals is MOST at risk for a phosphorus deficiency?

A) a premature infant
B) an individual suffering from kidney disease
C) an individual consuming vitamin D supplements
D) an individual who is a vegetarian

A

A) a premature infant

38
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding phosphorus?

A) Phosphorus from animal sources is more readily absorbed than the phosphorus from plant sources.
B) Humans absorb about 50% of the phosphorus from plant sources.
C) On average, Americans do not consume enough phosphorus in their diets.
D) Bacteria in the large intestine can break down the phosphorus from plant sources.

A

C) On average, Americans do not consume enough phosphorus in their diets.

39
Q

Which of the following groups are the MOST vulnerable to dehydration?

A) pregnant women and the elderly
B) adolescents and children
C) infants and pregnant women
D) infants and the elderly

A

D) infants and the elderly

40
Q

Dehydration is classified in terms of:

A) the amount of weight lost relative to a person’s original weight.
B) the subjective amount of thirst a person experiences.
C) the percentage of weight loss exclusively due to loss of fluid.
D) the relative amount of fluids consumed against the amount of urine excreted.

A

C) the percentage of weight loss exclusively due to loss of fluid.

41
Q

Overhydration most commonly occurs in:

A) healthy adults who consume primarily vegetables and fruits.
B) people with health problem that cause the kidneys to retain too much water.
C) infants and young children.
D) athletes.

A

B) people with health problem that cause the kidneys to retain too much water.

42
Q

Your urine color should be ___ if properly hydrated.

A) foul smelling
B) dark yellow
C) clear to pale yellow
D) slightly cloudy

A

C) clear to pale yellow

43
Q

A potentially fatal condition characterized by the failure of the body’s heat-regulating mechanisms is:

A) hypertension.
B) fever.
C) dehydration.
D) heat stroke.

A

D) heat stroke.

44
Q

In the majority of cases, the cause of hypertension is:

A) excessive salt intake.
B) kidney disease.
C) sleep apnea.
D) unknown.

A

D) unknown.

45
Q

Hypertension affects approximately ____ of all adult Americans.

A) 5%
B) 30%
C) 60%
D) 75%

A

B) 30%

46
Q

Optimal blood pressure is a systolic pressure less than 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure less than ___ mmHg.

A) 100
B) 80
C) 140
D) 90

A

B) 80

47
Q

Which of the following has NOT been shown to improve blood pressure levels?

A) losing weight
B) eating more whole grains, fruits, and vegetables
C) drinking 1 to 2 glasses of white wine per day
D) not smoking or quitting smoking

A

C) drinking 1 to 2 glasses of white wine per day

48
Q

A U.S. population group that is at particularly high risk for heart disease and its complications is hypertensive:

A) Caucasian women.
B) African Americans.
C) Hispanic men.
D) Asian Americans.

A

B) African Americans.

49
Q

A substance, such as caffeine, that increases fluid loss via the urine is called:

A) a diuretic.
B) osmotic pressure.
C) metabolic water.
D) a phytic acid.

A

A) a diuretic.

50
Q

The fluid lost via sweating and respiration is called:

A) sensible water.
B) osmosis.
C) insensible water.
D) metabolic water.

A

C) insensible water.

51
Q

In the extracellular fluid, sodium and ___ predominate.

A) potassium
B) chloride
C) phosphorus
D) aldosterone

A

B) chloride

52
Q

The movement of water from areas where solutes are less concentrated to areas where they are most concentrated is called:

A) migration.
B) permeation.
C) sensible water loss.
D) osmosis.

A

D) osmosis.

53
Q

The three major systems that account for the body’s ability to regulate acid-base balance are the lungs, the kidneys, and:

A) the intestines.
B) blood buffers.
C) bone structure.
D) the brain.

A

B) blood buffers.

54
Q

Blood pressure exerted in the arteries during heart contractions is called:

A) diastolic.
B) systolic.
C) elevated.
D) anabolic.

A

B) systolic.

55
Q

The majority of individuals with hypertension are diagnosed with ____ hypertension.

A) secondary
B) aggravated
C) resistant
D) primary

A

D) primary

56
Q

Lean tissue contains a greater percentage of fluid compared with fat tissue.

A

True

57
Q

Approximately 2/3 of the body fluid is held intracellularly.

A

True

58
Q

Elderly people have more total body water percentage than infants.

A

False

59
Q

The thirst mechanism is a highly reliable indicator of fluid replacement and bodily fluid balance.

A

False

60
Q

The thirst mechanism is affected by age.

A

True

61
Q

Sweat must evaporate to have a cooling affect.

A

True

62
Q

Living in areas of higher altitude increases fluid loss.

A

True

63
Q

Sodium and chloride are the predominant electrolytes in the extracellular fluid.

A

True

64
Q

Drinking eight glasses of fluid each day ensures that all healthy adults will meet their fluid needs.

A

False

65
Q

Hyponatremia occurs when somebody drinks too much water without replacing potassium.

A

False

66
Q

Most people in the United States consume too much sodium.

A

True

67
Q

Processed foods tend to be lower in sodium than whole foods.

A

False

68
Q

Eating too much sodium will usually result in hypernatremia in most healthy individuals.

A

False

69
Q

A diet rich in potassium has been shown to help maintain a healthy blood pressure.

A

True

70
Q

Water is drawn to areas with low concentration of solutes.

A

False

71
Q

Loss of total body water in elderly people is tied to their loss of lean tissue.

A

True

72
Q

If a healthy individual is well hydrated, his/her urine should be clear to pale yellow in color.

A

True

73
Q

When blood volume decreases, blood pressure increases.

A

False

74
Q

The causes of hypertension in the vast majority of individuals are well understood.

A

False

75
Q

Anyone with hypertension is necessarily sensitive to sodium.

A

False

76
Q

It is not possible to drink too much water.

A

False

Nutrition Class (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions