Ch 11: Performance Enhancers Flashcards
The difference between a drug and a dietary supplement
FDA approval for safety and effectiveness
Dietary supplements need less approval
Stacking
Several drugs administered simulatenlously to increase the potency of each via as additive effect
Cyclic Pattern
Use drug for several weeks or months and alternate these cycles with periods of discontinued use
How long does a typical cycle last?
5-10 weeks
Muscle dysmorphia
Reverse anorexia nervosa
Ergogenic benefits of anabolic steroids
Increased muscle mass, strength, athletic performance
Side effects of anabolic steroids
Testicular atrophy
Low FSH, LH, and testosterone levels
High HDL
Increase in water retention (bloating)
Increases in anger, aggression, irritability, arousal, self-esteem
Signs and symptoms of ergogenic aid abuse : cardiovascular system
Changes in lipid profile
Elevated BP
Decreased myocardial function
Signs and symptoms of ergogenic aid abuse : Endocrine system
Gynecomastia
Decreased sperm count
Testicular atrophy
Impotence and transient infertility
Signs and symptoms of ergogenic aid abuse : Genitourinary
Males: Decreased sperm count and testicular size
Females: cycle irregularities, clitoromegaly, deepening of voice, masculinization
Both: gynecomastia, libido changes
Signs and symptoms of ergogenic aid abuse : Dermatological
Acne, Male pattern baldness
Signs and symptoms of ergogenic aid abuse : Hepatic
Increased risk of liver tumors and liver damage
Signs and symptoms of ergogenic aid abuse : Musculoskeletal
Premature epiphyseal plate closure, increased risk of tendon tears, intramuscular abscess
Signs and symptoms of ergogenic aid abuse : Psychological
Mania, depression, aggression, hostility, mood swings
Prohormones
Precursors to the synthesis of other hormone and are theorized to increase the body’s ability to produce a given specific hormone
HCG
Hormone obtained from the placenta of a pregnant woman and is closely related to LH in structure and function
Efficacy of HCG
In men: increased testosterone production
Allows for increase in endogenous testosterone levels at the end of a cycle
HCG Adverse effects
Pain, swelling, and tenderness around injection site
Insulin
Anabolic hormone that is secreted with in response to high blood sugar
HGH
Anterior Pituitary hormone that needs to be injected to see the benefits which include bone and skeletal synthesis and releasing fatty acids from fat cells
HGH efficacy
Needs to be injected to see effects
Does not show up on urine drug test
HGH adverse effects
Acrogmegaly
Diabetes
Cardiovascular dysfunction
Muscle, joint, and bone pain
Hypertension
Accerlerated osteoarthritis
EPO
Increases RBC mass
EPO and exercise
EPO increases in response to chronic aerobic endurance exercise
EPO efficacy
Associated with increases in hematocrit and hemoglobin
EPO Adverse effects
Viscosity, lack of predictability
B-agonists
Substances related to epinephrine
B-agnosts efficay (clenbuterol)
Increase lean muscle mass and reduce subcutaneous fat
Typical regimen for clenbuterol
Doses twice the recommended amount in a cyclic fashion
B-blockers
Block B-adrenergic receptors and prevent catecholemines from binding
B-Blockers benefits
Reduce anxiety and tremors
EAAs
Not produced in the body and must be obtained through the diet
Key amino acid for stimulating muscle protein synthesis?
Leucine through enhancement of Akt/mTOR pathway
Arginine
Required for synthesis of protein and creatine and its metabolism results in the production of nitric oxide
Nitric oxide levels and exercise
During exercise, nitric oxide levels increase so blood flow can increase
HMB
Derivavitve of leucine
Muscle buffering capacity
The ability to regulate H+ concentration in skeletal muscle during high intensity exercise
Strong correlation with MBC and exercise capacity
Sodium bicarbonate
Neutralizes acidity and increases blood pH
Sodium Citrate
Increase blood pH without GI distress associated with sodium bicarbonate
Creatine
Compund naturally synthesized in the body and helps to supply energy to the body
98% in skeletal muscle
Creatine and exercise
As CP stores decline, so does the ability to perform high-intensity exercise
As high-intensity exercise duration increases, the ability of CP to serve as an energy source is reduced
Creatine supplementation typical dose
20-25 g daily for 5 days OR .3g/kg body weight followed by a maintenance dose of 2g/day
Once dosing stopped will return to baseline levels
Why do you need an initial loading dose with creatine?
If don’t it will take longer to reach desired levels
Creatine and body weight
Increases in FFM and TBW
Caffeine
A stimulant that increases fat oxidation and increases power production
Doses of caffeine that is beneficial
3-9 mg/kg BW
Preworkout energy drinks
Enhance workouts, sport performance, and faster training adaptations
Ephedrine
When combined with caffeine can improve aerobic endurance performance
Citrus aurantium
When combined with caffeine and other herbal products see improvements in exercise time to fatigue
